民法 civil law

 民法 civil law

●字源

civil 來自拉丁文 civilis「公民的」，源自 civis「公民」。law 來自古英語 lagu，源自古北歐語 lag「規定、放置之物」。中文「民法」指規範一般人（民）之間私權關係的法律，現代用法與近代翻譯有關，具體過程以專書為準。

譯名：civil law 有兩義。本句指「民法」（私法的基本法）。另一義是「大陸法系」，與英美的普通法（common law）相對，須看上下文分辨。

●例句（約117 words）

Civil law, the body of rules that governs the rights and duties arising among private persons and provides remedies when those rights are infringed, has seldom been easy to separate from public law, for the matters it regulates range as widely as the contracts that merchants conclude, the property that families inherit, and the damages owed to those who have suffered harm through another's carelessness, so that it is largely by asking whether a dispute concerns the interests of private persons rather than those of the state that jurists have decided whether a case belongs to this field, a test whose oldest form, preserved in the compilations ordered by the Emperor Justinian, is among the most influential.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Civil law,

the body of rules

that governs the rights and duties arising among private persons

and provides remedies when those rights are infringed,

has seldom been easy to separate from public law,

for the matters it regulates range

as widely as

the contracts that merchants conclude,

the property that families inherit,

and the damages owed to those who have suffered harm through another's carelessness,

so that it is largely by asking whether a dispute concerns the interests of private persons rather than those of the state

that jurists have decided whether a case belongs to this field,

a test whose oldest form,

preserved in the compilations ordered by the Emperor Justinian,

is among the most influential.

●分解為原初的短小句

Civil law has seldom been easy to separate from public law.（主結構。主詞與動詞之間隔著長同位語。）

Civil law is a body of rules.

The rules govern the rights and duties arising among private persons.

The rules also provide remedies when those rights are infringed.

The matters it regulates range widely.

One is the contracts that merchants conclude.

Another is the property that families inherit.

Another is the damages owed to those who have suffered harm through another's carelessness.

Jurists have largely asked whether a dispute concerns the interests of private persons rather than those of the state.

By doing so they have decided whether a case belongs to this field.

This is a test.

Its oldest form is preserved in the compilations ordered by the Emperor Justinian.

That form is among the most influential.

●文法解析

主句：Civil law…has seldom been easy to separate from public law。Civil law 是不可數的單數名詞，所以用 has。同位語 the body of rules…夾在主詞與 has 之間，內含 that 關係子句，以 and 並列兩個動詞 governs 與 provides。arising among private persons 是現在分詞片語，後置修飾 rights and duties，等於 which arise。when those rights are infringed 是時間副詞子句。easy to separate 的 separate 受詞就是主詞 civil law。

for the matters it regulates range…：for 是對等連接詞，意為「因為」。the matters it regulates 中，關係代名詞 that 省略，it 指 civil law，主詞是 matters，動詞是 range。as widely as 後列舉三個名詞：the contracts（後接 that 關係子句）、the property（後接 that 關係子句）、the damages（後接過去分詞 owed）。owed 是後置修飾，不是動詞。to those who have suffered harm…中，those who 意為「那些……的人」。

so that it is…that…：so that 引導結果子句，內為強調句型 it is…that…，被強調的是 largely by asking…。還原為 jurists have largely decided…by asking…。asking 後的 whether a dispute concerns…是名詞子句，其中 those of the state 的 those 代替 the interests。decided 後的 whether a case belongs to this field 是另一個名詞子句。

a test whose oldest form…is among the most influential：a test 是同位語，指前面「判斷案件是否屬於民法」這件事。whose 引導關係子句，主詞是 form，動詞是最後的 is。中間 preserved in the compilations ordered by the Emperor Justinian 是過去分詞片語，修飾 form，內含另一個過去分詞 ordered，修飾 compilations。among the most influential 後面省略名詞，等於 among the most influential tests。

●參考譯文

民法是規範私人之間權利義務、並在這些權利受侵害時提供救濟的一套規則。它向來不易與公法劃清界線，因為它所規範的事項範圍極廣：有商人締結的契約，有家族繼承的財產，也有因他人疏忽而受害者應得的賠償。法學者大體是藉著追問「爭議涉及的是私人的利益，還是國家的利益」，才判斷一個案件是否屬於這個領域。這項檢驗最古老的形式，保存在查士丁尼皇帝下令編纂的法典彙編中，是影響最深遠的之一。

●補充說明

句中用 seldom，不說 never，因為並非所有人都認為民法難以與公法區分。用 largely 是因為法學者判斷的方式不只一種，除了利益說，還有主體說（當事人是否為國家）、權力關係說（是否有上下關係）等。三個例子（契約、財產、侵權賠償）分別對應債、物、侵權，是舉例而非窮盡，家庭與繼承等領域也屬民法。

公私法之分的古老形式出自羅馬法學家烏爾比安（Ulpian），保存在查士丁尼下令編纂的《學說彙纂》與《法學階梯》中，他以「利益歸於公共或私人」來區分。句中說 among the most influential，不說 the most，因為這不是唯一有影響力的區分方式。

文法重點：長同位語夾在主詞與動詞之間、and 並列兩個動詞、現在分詞後置修飾、for 對等連接詞、省略關係代名詞的 the matters it regulates、as…as 帶三個名詞與後置過去分詞、so that 帶強調句型、兩個 whether 名詞子句、同位語 a test whose…、雙層過去分詞片語。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列13個短句組合回原來的長句：

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