階級鬥爭 Class Struggle

 階級鬥爭 Class Struggle

● 字源

Class 來自拉丁文 classis，原指古羅馬依財產把公民劃分成的等級（供徵稅與徵兵之用），後來泛指「群、類、階級」。Struggle 是中古英語 strogelen 轉成的名詞，字源不確定，一般認為帶有擬聲或動作意味，表「掙扎、奮力抗爭」。這個詞組是德文 Klassenkampf 的英譯，十九世紀由馬克思與恩格斯推廣，指不同經濟階級因利益對立而產生的衝突。中文譯為「階級鬥爭」，是不可數名詞。

● 例句（80字長句）

Class struggle, which Marxist theorists describe as the conflict between those who own the means of production and those who sell their labor to survive, persists not because workers crave confrontation but because employers, knowing that wages directly reduce profits, resist almost every demand for a raise, so that tension, once institutionalized, shapes politics across generations, although historians, whom the strikes of the nineteenth century still fascinate, argue that such conflicts, if left unresolved, will eventually erupt into open revolution.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Class struggle,

which Marxist theorists describe as the conflict between those who own the means of production and those who sell their labor to survive,

persists

not because workers crave confrontation

but because employers,

knowing that wages directly reduce profits,

resist almost every demand for a raise,

so that tension,

once institutionalized,

shapes politics across generations,

although historians,

whom the strikes of the nineteenth century still fascinate,

argue that such conflicts,

if left unresolved,

will eventually erupt into open revolution.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Class struggle persists.

（全句主幹：主詞 class struggle，謂語 persists；後面的 not because ... but because ... 說明它為何持續。）

Marxist theorists describe class struggle as the conflict between those who own the means of production and those who sell their labor to survive.

（which 為非限定關係代名詞，指 class struggle，在子句中作 describe 的受詞；describe A as B 表「將 A 描述為 B」；兩個 those who 並列，分別指資本家與勞動者；to survive 為不定詞，表目的。）

Workers crave confrontation.

（not because 所否定的理由；crave 表「渴望」。）

Some employers know something.

（because 子句的主詞 employers，其後 knowing 為現在分詞構句，主詞與主句的 employers 相同。）

Wages directly reduce profits.

（that 子句為 know 的受詞；directly 為副詞，修飾 reduce。）

Employers resist almost every demand for a raise.

（這是 because 子句的真正謂語；almost 修飾 every；demand for 表「對……的要求」。）

Tension is institutionalized.

（once institutionalized 為省略的時間副詞子句，還原為 once it is institutionalized；institutionalized 為過去分詞，表「被制度化」。）

Tension shapes politics across generations.

（so that 引導結果子句，表「以致」；shape 表「塑造」；across generations 表跨越世代。）

Historians argue something.

（although 引導讓步副詞子句；argue that ... 後接名詞子句作受詞。）

The strikes of the nineteenth century still fascinate historians.

（whom 為非限定關係代名詞，指 historians，在子句中作 fascinate 的受詞，故用受格；still 為副詞，表「仍然」。）

Such conflicts are left unresolved.

（if left unresolved 為省略的條件子句，還原為 if they are left unresolved；unresolved 為受詞補語性質的形容詞。）

Such conflicts will eventually erupt into open revolution.

（argue that 之後的名詞子句主幹；erupt into 表「爆發成」；eventually 表「終究」；open 修飾 revolution，表「公開的」。）

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句與 not because ... but because ...：

Class struggle, which ... survive, persists 先以 which 子句補充說明，再以 persists 交代主幹。其中 which 子句內又有 those who own ... and those who sell ... 兩個並列的關係子句，是句中最長的插入結構。接著 not because workers crave confrontation but because ... 先否定一般預期（工人好鬥），再提出真正原因。讀者要記住主詞 class struggle，等到 persists 才完整。

employers 與現在分詞構句 knowing：

but because employers ... resist 中，主詞 employers 與真正動詞 resist 之間夾著 knowing that wages directly reduce profits。這個構句交代雇主的動機：他們明白薪資直接侵蝕利潤，所以才抗拒加薪。that 子句是 knowing 的受詞，不要把 that 誤認為關係代名詞。

so that 結果子句與 once institutionalized：

so that tension, once institutionalized, shapes politics 以 so that 表結果，承接雇主的長期抗拒所造成的後果。once institutionalized 是省略主詞與 be 動詞的時間子句，插在主詞 tension 與謂語 shapes 之間，說明緊張關係一旦被制度化，便長期影響政治。

although 讓步子句與非限定 whom：

although historians ... argue 引出轉折：衝突雖然持續，歷史學家仍提出警告。whom the strikes of the nineteenth century still fascinate 是非限定關係子句，先行詞是 historians，whom 在子句中作 fascinate 的受詞，所以 fascinate 後面不再接受詞。主詞 the strikes ... 置於 whom 之後，是受格關係子句的典型語序，也是本句最容易讀錯的地方。

if left unresolved 與 argue that 名詞子句：

argue that such conflicts ... will eventually erupt into open revolution 中，that 子句為 argue 的受詞。such conflicts 與 will 之間插入 if left unresolved，是省略主詞與 be 動詞的條件子句，表「若未獲解決」；全句以最強烈的後果 open revolution 收尾。

● 參考翻譯

階級鬥爭（馬克思主義理論家將它描述為擁有生產工具者與為求生存而出賣勞力者之間的衝突）之所以持續存在，並非因為工人渴望對抗，而是因為雇主（明白薪資直接侵蝕利潤）幾乎抗拒每一項加薪要求，以致緊張關係一旦制度化，便跨越世代持續形塑政治；儘管歷史學家（十九世紀的罷工至今仍令他們著迷）主張，這類衝突若得不到解決，終將爆發為公開的革命。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句，只看分解出來的短句小句，試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。