社群主義 Communitarianism

社群主義 Communitarianism

​● 字源

​Communitarianism 是一個由拉丁文與希臘文字根組合而成的政治哲學、倫理學與社會學術語。字根 communit- 來自拉丁文 communitas(社群、共同體、夥伴關係,源自 communis「公有的、共同的」);中間後綴 -arian 表示「主張……的人、擁護者」;字尾 -ism 來自希臘文 -ismos(表示「思想、學說、主義」)。同源詞有 community(社群、社區)、commune(公社)、common(共同的、常見的)。

​這個詞組在政治哲學中,指「批判極端原子化的個人主义(Atomistic Individualism),主張個人的自我認同、道德規範與權利概念不可脫離其所身處的歷史、文化與社群脈絡,強調社群共同善(Common Good)與社會責任的哲學思想」。其代表哲學家包括麥金泰爾(Alasdair MacIntyre)、桑德爾(Michael Sandel)與泰勒(Charles Taylor)。

​中文譯為「社群主義」、「共同體主義」、「社區本位論」或「脈絡主義」。

​● 例句(70字長句)

​Communitarianism, which political theorists critique by evaluating the identity that cultural traditions shape, the duties that shared values impose, and the bonds that civic engagement creates, demonstrates not merely how shared tradition sustains social cohesion but why civic duty deepens among societies that honor common good, so that vibrant communities foster reciprocal trust, while libertarian scholars, who argue that unencumbered self precedes community ties, insist that individual liberty must remain paramount.

​● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

​Communitarianism,

​which political theorists critique

​by evaluating

​the identity that cultural traditions shape,

​the duties that shared values impose,

​and the bonds that civic engagement creates,

​demonstrates

​not merely how shared tradition sustains social cohesion

​but why civic duty deepens

​among societies

​that honor common good,

​so that vibrant communities foster reciprocal trust,

​while libertarian scholars,

​who argue that unencumbered self precedes community ties,

​insist

​that individual liberty must remain paramount.

​● 分解為原初的短小句

​Communitarianism demonstrates something.

(全句主幹:主詞 Communitarianism,動詞 demonstrates 加 s;communitarianism 在此為不可數抽象名詞。)

​Political theorists critique communitarianism.

(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 communitarianism,在子句中作 critique 的受詞。)

​Political theorists evaluate the identity, the duties, and the bonds.

(by evaluating 為介系詞 by 加動名詞,表「透過評估……的方式」;三個受詞以 and 並列。)

​Cultural traditions shape the identity.

(第一個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 identity,在子句中作 shape 的受詞;cultural traditions 表「文化傳統」;shape identity 表「塑造認同」。)

​Shared values impose the duties.

(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 duties,在子句中作 impose 的受詞;shared values 表「共享價值」;impose duties 表「賦予/施加責任與義務」。)

​Civic engagement creates the bonds.

(第三個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 bonds,在子句中作 creates 的受詞;civic engagement 表「公民參與」;create bonds 表「建立紐帶/連結」。)

​Shared tradition sustains social cohesion somehow.

(not merely how shared tradition sustains social cohesion 為 demonstrates 的第一個受詞/補語結構;how 引導名詞子句;shared tradition 表「共享傳統」;sustain social cohesion 表「維繫社會凝聚力」。)

​Civic duty deepens for some reasons.

(but why civic duty deepens 為 demonstrates 所引導的第二個受詞/補語結構;why 引導名詞子句;civic duty 表「公民責任/義務」;deepen 表「深化/加深」。)

​Civic duty deepens among societies.

(among 表「在……之中」;societies 表「社會/國家」。)

​Societies honor common good.

(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 societies,在子句中作主詞;honor common good 表「尊崇共同善/公共利益」。)

​Vibrant communities foster reciprocal trust.

(so that 引導結果子句;vibrant communities 表「充滿活力的社群」;foster reciprocal trust 表「培育互信關係」。)

​Libertarian scholars argue something.

(while 引導對比或讓步子句;libertarian scholars 表「自由至上主義學者」;argue 表「主張」。)

​Unencumbered self precedes community ties.

(that 為連接詞,引導 argue 的受詞子句;unencumbered self 表「無負擔的自我/無牽絆的個體」;precede community ties 表「優先於社群紐帶」。)

​Libertarian scholars insist something.

(insist that ... 的 that 子句為 insist 的內容;insist 表「堅持、主張」。)

​Individual liberty must remain paramount.

(that 為連接詞,引導 insist 的受詞子句;individual liberty 表「個人自由」;remain paramount 表「保持至高無上/首要地位」。)

​● 文法解析

​1. 非限定 which 子句與三個限定 that 子句

​Communitarianism, which political theorists critique by evaluating the identity that cultural traditions shape, the duties that shared values impose, and the bonds that civic engagement creates, demonstrates ...

​先以非限定 which 子句說明政治理論家剖析「社群主義」的方法,再回到主要動詞 demonstrates(展現、證明)。子句中的三個 that 都是限定關係代名詞,分別修飾 identity、duties 與 bonds,且都在各自的子句中作動詞受詞:

​cultural traditions shape the identity

​shared values impose the duties

​civic engagement creates the bonds

​因此每個 that 後面都直接接主詞,動詞後切勿重複加上受詞代名詞。

​2. not merely ... but ... 與名詞子句

​demonstrates not merely how shared tradition sustains social cohesion but why civic duty deepens ...

​主幹使用 not merely A but B(不只是 A,更是 B)的平行結構。第一個是由 how 引導的名詞子句 how shared tradition sustains social cohesion;第二個是由 why 引導的名詞子句 why civic duty deepens ...。接著以介系詞片語 among societies 搭配限定關係子句 that honor common good(修飾 societies)來補充說明注重共同善的社會環境。

​3. so that 結果子句與政治哲學專業詞組

​so that vibrant communities foster reciprocal trust ...

​so that 表示結果:因為傳統維繫凝聚力且公民責任深化,使得充滿活力的社群得以培育出深厚的互信關係。common good(共同善/公共利益)與 reciprocal trust(互信)皆為社群主義哲學的核心術語。

​4. while 對比子句、who 限定子句與 that 名詞子句

​while libertarian scholars, who argue that unencumbered self precedes community ties, insist that individual liberty must remain paramount.

​while 引出轉折對比:雖然社群主義強調文化脈絡與公民責任,但自由至上主義學者(如羅爾斯批判者眼中的立場)則主張「無牽絆的自我」(Unencumbered Self)優先於社群紐帶,並堅持個人自由必須始終保持至高地位。who argue that ... 是修飾 libertarian scholars 的關係子句。第一個 that 是連接詞,引導 argue 的內容;第二個 that 亦為連接詞,引導 insist 的內容。

​● 參考翻譯

​社群主義(政治理論家透過評估文化傳統所塑造的認同、共享價值所賦予的責任,以及公民參與所建立的紐帶來進行剖析)所展現的,不只是共享傳統如何維繫社會凝聚力,更是公民責任為何會在尊崇共同善的社會中持續深化,使得充滿活力的社群得以培育互信關係;然而,自由至上主義學者(主張無牽絆的自我優先於社群紐帶)堅持主張,個人自由必須保持首要地位。

​● 逆向工程

​請嘗試不看長句原文,僅根據以下分解短句與提示,還原出 70 字的完整長句:

​Communitarianism demonstrates something.

​Political theorists critique communitarianism.

​Political theorists evaluate the identity, the duties, and the bonds.

​Cultural traditions shape the identity.

​Shared values impose the duties.

​Civic engagement creates the bonds.

​Shared tradition sustains social cohesion somehow.

​Civic duty deepens for some reasons.

​Civic duty deepens among societies.

​Societies honor common good.

​Vibrant communities foster reciprocal trust.

​Libertarian scholars argue something.

​Unencumbered self precedes community ties.

​Libertarian scholars insist something.

​Individual liberty must remain paramount.

​組合順序提示:

​用 which political theorists critique by evaluating ... 將第 2、3 句變成修飾 communitarianism 的非限定子句。

​用三個限定 that 子句,將第 4、5、6 句分別接在 identity、duties、bonds 之後。

​用 demonstrates not merely how shared tradition ... but why civic duty ... 將第 7、8、9 句連成主幹。

​用 that honor common good 把第 10 句接在 societies 之後。

​用 so that vibrant communities foster ... 把第 11 句變成結果子句。

​最後用 while libertarian scholars, who argue that ..., insist that ... 把第 12 至 15 句變成對比子句。

​對照完整句子:

​Communitarianism, which political theorists critique by evaluating the identity that cultural traditions shape, the duties that shared values impose, and the bonds that civic engagement creates, demonstrates not merely how shared tradition sustains social cohesion but why civic duty deepens among societies that honor common good, so that vibrant communities foster reciprocal trust, while libertarian scholars, who argue that unencumbered self precedes community ties, insist that individual liberty must remain paramount.

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