宇宙自然律 Cosmic natural law
我把「宇宙自然律」理解為 cosmic natural law:據說支配整個宇宙的自然規律(law of nature)。它與上一則的「道德自然律」不同,講的是自然界的規律,不是行為準則。
宇宙自然律 Cosmic natural law
●字源(中文說明,不併入長句)
cosmic natural law = cosmic + natural + law
cosmic 來自希臘文 kosmos「秩序、裝飾、世界」,據傳畢達哥拉斯學派最先用它稱呼整個宇宙,意思是宇宙井然有序。同源的英文詞有 cosmos、cosmetic。
natural 來自拉丁文 naturalis,源自 natura「本性、自然」,natura 又來自動詞 nasci「出生、生成」,字面是「與生俱來的」。同源的英文詞有 nature、native、nation、innate。
law 來自古英語 lagu,源自古北歐語 lag「放置、規定」,字面是「被定下來的東西」,與 lay、lie 同源。
字面意思是「宇宙依本性而有的規定」。斯多噶學派認為宇宙由 logos(理性)貫穿支配,這是「宇宙有法則」思想的早期背景。把自然規律稱為 law,是一個隱喻:有「法」似乎就有「立法者」,這個隱喻在十七世紀的科學家(如笛卡兒、牛頓)筆下尤其明顯,具體年代以辭典與專書為準。
中文「宇宙」出自《淮南子》:「往古來今謂之宙,四方上下謂之宇」。「自然」本指「自己如此」,「律」是法規。
譯名:「宇宙自然律」不是固定術語,常見的說法有「自然律」「自然定律」「自然法則」。物理學的 law of nature 多譯為「自然定律」,倫理與神學的 natural law 多譯為「自然律」或「自然法」,兩者英文都可寫成 natural law,要看上下文,所以這裡加「宇宙」以區別於道德的那一種。
●例句(約99 words)
Cosmic natural law, the term for the regularities that are said to govern every part of the universe alike, has never been easy to formulate, for such regularities take forms as various as an apple dropped from a branch, a tide drawn by the moon, and a comet foretold by astronomers, so that it was largely by comparing these forms that thinkers built the rival accounts of why nature should obey laws at all, of which Newton's, according to which one force that pulls an apple down also holds the moon in its orbit, is among the most influential.
●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Cosmic natural law,
the term for the regularities
that are said to govern every part of the universe alike,
has never been easy to formulate,
for such regularities take forms
as various as
an apple dropped from a branch,
a tide drawn by the moon,
and a comet foretold by astronomers,
so that it was largely by comparing these forms
that thinkers built the rival accounts of why nature should obey laws at all,
of which Newton's,
according to which one force that pulls an apple down
also holds the moon in its orbit,
is among the most influential.
●分解為原初的短小句
Cosmic natural law has never been easy to formulate.(主結構,8字。主詞與動詞之間隔一個長同位語,has been 要等到 universe alike 之後才出現。後半難點在 of which Newton's…is among the most influential:要跳過 according to which 子句才看到最後的 is,而這個子句裡還有自己的動詞 holds。)
Cosmic natural law is the term for certain regularities.
They are said to govern every part of the universe alike.
Such regularities take various forms.
One form is an apple dropped from a branch.
Another is a tide drawn by the moon.
Another is a comet foretold by astronomers.
Thinkers compared these forms.
They largely built the rival accounts of why nature should obey laws at all in this way.
Newton's account is among the most influential of these.
According to it, one force pulls an apple down.
The same force also holds the moon in its orbit.
●文法解析
主句:Cosmic natural law…has never been easy to formulate。這個詞組是不可數的單數名詞,所以用 has。同位語 the term for the regularities…夾在主詞與動詞之間。that are said to govern every part of the universe alike 是關係子句,修飾 regularities,與上一則不同,這裡的 that 是子句的主詞,所以後面直接接動詞 are。are said to govern 是「被動 + 不定詞」,意為「據說支配」,alike 意為「同樣地」,放在句尾修飾 govern。easy to formulate 是「形容詞 + 不定詞」,formulate 的受詞就是主詞 cosmic natural law。
for such regularities take forms…:for 是對等連接詞,意為「因為」,前有逗號,只能放在子句前。
forms as various as an apple dropped from a branch, a tide drawn by the moon, and a comet foretold by astronomers:as various as 是同等比較,列舉三個名詞,各接一個過去分詞片語(dropped、drawn、foretold),是後置修飾,等於 which is dropped 等。三個片語並列,容易讀錯成動詞。by the moon、by astronomers 是被動的動作者,foretell 意為「預言」。
so that it was largely by comparing these forms that thinkers built…:so that 引導結果子句,內為強調句型 it was…that…,被強調的是 largely by comparing these forms。還原為 thinkers largely built the rival accounts by comparing these forms。
the rival accounts of why nature should obey laws at all:why nature should obey laws at all 是名詞子句,當 of 的受詞。should 表「理應」,at all 放在句末加強語氣,意為「到底、根本」。
of which Newton's, according to which one force that pulls an apple down also holds the moon in its orbit, is among the most influential:of which 指 the rival accounts。Newton's 是省略名詞的所有格代名詞(= Newton's account)。according to which 插在主詞與動詞 is 之間,先找 Newton's,再找最後那個 is。插入語內部有兩個動詞:that pulls an apple down 是關係子句,修飾 force,其中 pull…down 的受詞 an apple 夾在 pull 與 down 之間;真正的動詞是 holds,主詞是 one force。also 插在主詞與動詞之間。hold…in its orbit 意為「使……保持在軌道上」,its 指 the moon。among the most influential 後面也省略名詞,等於 among the most influential accounts。
●參考譯文
宇宙自然律是指據說同樣支配宇宙每個部分的規律。它向來不易表述,因為這類規律的形式五花八門:有從枝頭落下的蘋果,有月亮牽引的潮汐,也有天文學家預言的彗星。思想家大體是藉著比較這些形式,才建立起彼此競爭的、關於「自然為何要遵守法則」的說法,其中牛頓的說法影響最大之一,依該說,把蘋果往下拉的那一種力,同樣把月亮留在它的軌道上。
●補充說明
牛頓在《自然哲學的數學原理》(Principia,1687年)提出萬有引力:地上物體落下與月球繞地球運行,出自同一種力,並可用同一套數學定律描述。這打破了亞里斯多德以來「天上與地上是兩套規則」的區分。蘋果的故事是流傳很廣的軼事,細節以專書為準,句中只取「同一種力解釋蘋果與月亮」這個核心主張,以免過長。
其他說法如斯多噶學派(宇宙由神聖的 logos 支配)、笛卡兒(上帝為自然立下法則)、休謨(所謂規律只是我們觀察到的恆常關聯,不能證明必然性)、愛因斯坦(引力是時空的彎曲)各有不同進路,所以句中說 among the most influential,不說 the most influential,也不暗示牛頓的說法是定論。
「規律本身是什麼」也是大辯論:它是自然中真實存在的必然聯繫,還是我們對規律性的描述?句中以 why nature should obey laws at all 帶出這個問題,但未展開,以免過長。
「思想家大體是藉比較各種形式才建立理論」是概括說法,並非所有理論都是這樣來的,所以句中用 largely。
「蘋果、潮汐、彗星」三個例子各代表地面運動、天地交互作用、天體運行三個層面,是舉例,並不窮盡所有自然規律的形式。
與上一則「道德自然律」的關係:阿奎那式的自然律是道德規範,靠理性認知;本則的自然律是自然現象的規律,靠觀察與計算認知。兩者在十七世紀以前常被視為同一個「自然的秩序」的兩面,後來才分開,可作延伸閱讀,具體演變以專書為準。
這一句的文法重點:長同位語夾在主詞與動詞之間、that 當主詞的關係子句內的 are said to govern、for 對等連接詞、as various as 帶三個後置過去分詞、so that 帶 it was…that 強調句型、why 引導的名詞子句與 at all、省略名詞的所有格代名詞 Newton's、according to which 插入且內含關係子句 that pulls 與另一個動詞 holds。
●長難句組合寫作練習
不看例句,用譯文與上列12個短句組合回原來的長句:
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