刑法 Criminal law

刑法 Criminal law

 ●字源

criminal 來自拉丁文 criminalis，源自 crimen「指控、罪名、判決」，可能與 cernere「分辨、判定」同源，具體以辭典為準。law 來自古英語 lagu，源自古北歐語 lag「規定、放置之物」，字面意思是「被確定下來的東西」。中文「刑」原有刑罰之意，「刑法」指規定犯罪與刑罰的法律，現代用法與近代翻譯 criminal law 有關，具體過程以專書為準。

譯名：「刑法」最常用，「刑事法」範圍較廣，還包括刑事訴訟程序。

●例句（約104 words）

Criminal law, the body of rules that defines which acts a state may punish and prescribes the penalties that follow, has seldom been easy to justify, for the purposes assigned to punishment differ as widely as the deterrence of future offenders, the retribution owed to those who have wronged others, and the rehabilitation of convicts returned to society, so that it is largely by asking whether a penalty fits the gravity of the act and the guilt of the actor that jurists have judged whether a system is just, a test whose oldest form, requiring that no one be punished without a prior law, is among the most widely accepted.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Criminal law,

the body of rules

that defines which acts a state may punish

and prescribes the penalties that follow,

has seldom been easy to justify,

for the purposes assigned to punishment differ

as widely as

the deterrence of future offenders,

the retribution owed to those who have wronged others,

and the rehabilitation of convicts returned to society,

so that it is largely by asking whether a penalty fits the gravity of the act and the guilt of the actor

that jurists have judged whether a system is just,

a test whose oldest form,

requiring that no one be punished without a prior law,

is among the most widely accepted.

●分解為原初的短小句

Criminal law has seldom been easy to justify.（主結構。主詞與動詞之間隔著長同位語。）

Criminal law is a body of rules.

The rules define which acts a state may punish.

The rules also prescribe the penalties that follow.

The purposes assigned to punishment differ widely.

One is the deterrence of future offenders.

Another is the retribution owed to those who have wronged others.

Another is the rehabilitation of convicts returned to society.

Jurists have largely asked whether a penalty fits the gravity of the act and the guilt of the actor.

By doing so they have judged whether a system is just.

This is a test.

Its oldest form requires that no one be punished without a prior law.

That form is among the most widely accepted.

●文法解析

主句：Criminal law…has seldom been easy to justify。Criminal law 是不可數的單數名詞，所以用 has。同位語 the body of rules…夾在主詞與 has 之間，內含 that 關係子句，以 and 並列兩個動詞 defines 與 prescribes。which acts a state may punish 是名詞子句，當 defines 的受詞，其中 which acts 是 punish 的受詞前置。that follow 修飾 penalties。easy to justify 的 justify 受詞就是主詞 criminal law。

for the purposes assigned to punishment differ…：for 是對等連接詞，意為「因為」。assigned to punishment 是過去分詞片語，後置修飾 purposes。as widely as 後列舉三個名詞：the deterrence（of 接受詞）、the retribution（後接過去分詞 owed）、the rehabilitation（of convicts 後接過去分詞 returned）。owed、returned 是後置修飾，不是動詞。

so that it is largely by asking…that jurists have judged…：so that 引導結果子句，內為強調句型 it is…that…，被強調的是 largely by asking…。還原為 jurists have largely judged…by asking…。asking 後的 whether a penalty fits…是名詞子句，當 asking 的受詞，內以 and 並列 the gravity of the act 與 the guilt of the actor。judged 後的 whether a system is just 是另一個名詞子句。

a test whose oldest form…is among the most widely accepted：a test 是同位語，指前面「判斷制度是否公正」這件事。whose 引導關係子句，主詞是 form，動詞是最後的 is。中間 requiring that no one be punished without a prior law 是現在分詞片語，修飾 form；that 子句用假設語氣動詞原形 be punished。among the most widely accepted 後面省略名詞，等於 among the most widely accepted tests。

●參考譯文

刑法是規定國家可以處罰哪些行為、並訂出隨之而來的刑罰的一套規則。它向來不易證成，因為賦予刑罰的目的差異極大：有嚇阻未來的犯罪者，有對傷害他人者的應報，也有使回歸社會的受刑人重生。法學者大體是藉著追問「刑罰是否與行為的嚴重性及行為人的罪責相稱」，才判斷一個制度是否公正。這項檢驗最古老的形式，要求沒有事先的法律就不得處罰任何人，是最廣為接受的之一。

●補充說明

句中用 seldom，不說 never，因為並非所有人都認為刑法難以證成。用 largely 是因為法學者判斷的方式不只一種。三個目的（嚇阻、應報、更生）是舉例而非窮盡，還有隔離、教育等說法。「無法律即無犯罪、無法律即無刑罰」（nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege）是罪刑法定原則，句中以 no one be punished without a prior law 概括，該原則在多數法域已成通說，但各國細節不同，故用 among the most widely accepted，不說 the most。

文法重點：長同位語夾在主詞與動詞之間、and 並列兩個動詞、for 對等連接詞、as…as 帶三個名詞與後置過去分詞、so that 帶強調句型、兩個 whether 名詞子句、同位語 a test whose…、現在分詞片語與假設語氣。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列13個短句組合回原來的長句：

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