食犬（Cynophagy）

 食犬（Cynophagy）

● 字源

「cynophagy」源自希臘文 kyōn（所有格 kynos，狗）加 phagein（吃），再加名詞詞尾 -y，意為「食用狗肉的習俗」。同類構詞有 anthropophagy（食人）、entomophagy（食蟲）。

● 例句

So thoroughly had cynophagy, which anthropologists define as the consumption of dog meat, become embedded in certain regional foodways, from highland villages to coastal markets, that ethnographers, who had recorded it for generations without moral judgment, were genuinely surprised when welfare advocates, though themselves long indifferent to the industrial slaughter of livestock, began campaigning for national bans that, if enforced consistently, would criminalize practices which, according to surveys conducted among rural communities, younger consumers increasingly reject, a shift that legislators, who had initially dismissed the campaigns as foreign pressure, now cite as evidence that tradition, however venerable, cannot indefinitely shield any custom from changing ethical standards.

（約 105 字）

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

So thoroughly had cynophagy,

which anthropologists define as the consumption of dog meat,

become embedded in certain regional foodways,

from highland villages to coastal markets,

that ethnographers,

who had recorded it for generations without moral judgment,

were genuinely surprised

when welfare advocates,

though themselves long indifferent to the industrial slaughter of livestock,

began campaigning for national bans

that,

if enforced consistently,

would criminalize practices

which,

according to surveys conducted among rural communities,

younger consumers increasingly reject,

a shift

that legislators,

who had initially dismissed the campaigns as foreign pressure,

now cite as evidence

that tradition,

however venerable,

cannot indefinitely shield any custom from changing ethical standards.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Cynophagy had become thoroughly embedded in certain regional foodways.（So thoroughly had ... that 倒裝還原後的前半主幹，過去完成式。）

Anthropologists define cynophagy as the consumption of dog meat.（which 引導之非限定性關係子句，define A as B。）

The foodways range from highland villages to coastal markets.（from ... to ... 介系詞片語，說明 foodways 的分布範圍。）

Ethnographers were genuinely surprised.（that 引導之結果子句主幹，so ... that 的後半。）

Ethnographers had recorded it for generations without moral judgment.（who 引導之非限定性關係子句，過去完成式。）

Welfare advocates began campaigning for national bans.（when 引導之時間子句主幹。）

Welfare advocates have themselves long been indifferent to the industrial slaughter of livestock.（though 引導之省略式讓步片語，省略主詞與 be 動詞。）

National bans would criminalize certain practices.（bans that 引導之關係子句主幹，would 表假設結果。）

The bans are enforced consistently.（if 條件子句還原，省略 they are，為被動語態。）

Surveys were conducted among rural communities.（conducted 過去分詞片語還原，修飾 surveys。）

Younger consumers increasingly reject these practices.（practices which 引導之關係子句，which 作 reject 的受詞。）

Legislators now cite the shift as evidence.（a shift that 引導之關係子句，cite A as B。）

Legislators had initially dismissed the campaigns as foreign pressure.（who 引導之非限定性關係子句，dismiss A as B。）

Tradition cannot indefinitely shield any custom from changing ethical standards.（evidence that 引導之同位語子句，however venerable 為插入之讓步片語。）

● 文法解析

So ... that 倒裝（So + 副詞 + had + S + p.p. ... that + S + V）：

So thoroughly 置於句首，had 隨之提到主詞 cynophagy 之前，後接 that 引導結果子句。還原後為 Cynophagy had become so thoroughly embedded ... that ethnographers were genuinely surprised ...，意為「如此徹底……以致……」。

插入式關係子句與介系詞片語（had cynophagy, which ..., become embedded in ..., from ... to ...）：

had 與 become 之間夾著主詞 cynophagy 與 which 子句，使助動詞與過去分詞被拉開。define A as B 為「將 A 定義為 B」。from ... to ... 補充說明 foodways 的範圍，位於 that 之前。

主詞之後的雙重插入（ethnographers, who had recorded ..., were surprised when welfare advocates, though ..., began ...）：

who 子句插在 ethnographers 與 were 之間。when 子句中，though themselves long indifferent 為省略主詞與 be 動詞的讓步片語，插在 advocates 與 began 之間。

關係子句與條件插入（bans that, if enforced consistently, would criminalize practices which ...）：

that 作 would criminalize 的主詞，if enforced consistently 為省略式條件子句，插在 that 與 would 之間。practices 後的 which 子句中，according to ... 插在 which 與 younger consumers 之間，且 which 作 reject 的受詞，故 reject 後無受詞。

同位語與雙重關係子句（a shift that legislators, who ..., now cite as evidence that tradition, however venerable, cannot ... shield ...）：

a shift 為前面整個子句（younger consumers increasingly reject ...）的同位語。其後 that 作 cite 的受詞，who 子句插在 legislators 與 now cite 之間。最後 evidence that 為同位語子句，however venerable 插在 tradition 與 cannot 之間，shield A from B 為「保護 A 免於 B」。

● 參考譯文

食犬（人類學家將其定義為食用狗肉）在某些地區的飲食習慣中已根深蒂固，從高地村落到沿海市場皆然，以致數代以來不帶道德評判地記錄此習俗的民族誌學者，在動物福利倡議者（儘管他們自己長期對畜牧業的工業化屠宰漠不關心）開始推動全國禁令時，感到十分意外，這些禁令若嚴格執行，將使這些習俗入罪，而根據農村社群的調查，年輕消費者日益排斥這些習俗，這項轉變，先前曾將這些運動斥為外來壓力的立法者如今引為證據，說明傳統無論多麼悠久，都無法無限期地使任何習俗免受倫理標準改變的影響。

● 補充說明

句型亮點與文法變化：

So ... that 倒裝： 異於前幾篇的 Should、Were...to、Only after、Had、Nowhere、Not only、Seldom、Not until 與 No sooner...than，本篇改用 So + 副詞 + 助動詞 + 主詞 ... that 結果倒裝，句型有新意。

不使用分號： 全句僅以 which、that、who、though、if、when、according to 等連接詞與關係詞層層推進，單一主幹貫穿到底。

多重插入： 助動詞 had 與 become 之間、ethnographers 與 were 之間、advocates 與 began 之間、that 與 would criminalize 之間、legislators 與 now cite 之間、tradition 與 cannot 之間，共有六處插入。

同位語串接收束： a shift 同位語帶出 that 關係子句，再套入 evidence that 同位語子句，層層嵌套後以 cannot ... shield 收尾。

核心學術字彙與文法重點總結：

關鍵字詞： Cynophagy（食犬）、Anthropologist（人類學家）、Ethnographer（民族誌學者）、Foodways（飲食習慣）、Embedded（根深蒂固的）、Welfare advocate（福利倡議者）、Criminalize（使……入罪）、Venerable（悠久而受尊崇的）、Define A as B（將 A 定義為 B）、Shield A from B（保護 A 免於 B）。

文法重點： So ... that 倒裝、非限定性關係子句、省略式讓步與條件子句、關係代名詞作受詞、同位語、dismiss A as B、cite A as B、過去完成式。

一點小提醒： 參考譯文為求順暢，已調整部分分句順序。另外，cynophagy 為中性的學術用詞，人類學與動物倫理文獻中常與 dog meat consumption 並用，也可寫作 dog-eating practices。