末世論／終末論 Eschatology

 末世論／終末論 Eschatology

●字源（中文說明，不併入長句）

eschatology = eschatos + logos（-logy）

eschatos（希臘文）：最後的、最遠的、最外端的。由 ex/ek「在外」的最高級形構成，原意是「最外面的」，所以空間上指「邊緣」，時間上指「終末」。

logos：言說、論述、學問。

字面意思是「關於最終之事的論述」，英文詞十九世紀中葉出現，形容詞是 eschatological。

譯名：「末世論」偏重「世界的末了」，「終末論」偏重「終極、最終」，兩者指同一個英文詞，神學界兩種譯法並行。

●例句（約110 words）

Eschatology, the study of last things, which in the Abrahamic traditions concerns the end of history, the final judgment, and the fate of the soul, has taken forms so varied that scholars, unable to agree on a single definition, usually distinguish between individual eschatology, which concerns what happens to each person at death, and cosmic eschatology, in which the whole world is expected to be transformed; yet, were the two to be separated entirely, believers would find that the hope of resurrection, on which much of Christian thought rests, loses the very meaning that gives it force, since the fate of one person is bound up with that of all creation.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Eschatology,

the study of last things,

which in the Abrahamic traditions concerns

the end of history,

the final judgment,

and the fate of the soul,

has taken forms so varied

that scholars,

unable to agree on a single definition,

usually distinguish

between individual eschatology,

which concerns what happens to each person at death,

and cosmic eschatology,

in which the whole world is expected to be transformed;

yet,

were the two to be separated entirely,

believers would find

that the hope of resurrection,

on which much of Christian thought rests,

loses the very meaning

that gives it force,

since the fate of one person is bound up with that of all creation.

●分解為原初的短小句

Eschatology has taken forms so varied.（主結構，6字。主詞與 has taken 之間插入約二十個字的同位語與關係子句，必須讀到 has taken 才看到動詞。）

Eschatology is the study of last things.

In the Abrahamic traditions it concerns the end of history.

It also concerns the final judgment.

It also concerns the fate of the soul.

The forms are so varied.

Scholars cannot agree on a single definition.

Scholars usually distinguish between individual and cosmic eschatology.

Individual eschatology concerns what happens to each person at death.

In cosmic eschatology the whole world is expected to be transformed.

The two might be separated entirely.

Believers would then find that the hope of resurrection loses its meaning.

Much of Christian thought rests on this hope.

The meaning gives the hope its force.

The fate of one person is bound up with that of all creation.

●文法解析

主句：Eschatology…has taken forms so varied that…。主詞與動詞之間是同位語 the study of last things 與非限定 which 子句，has taken 要讀到很後面。

which in the Abrahamic traditions concerns…：which 指 eschatology，介係詞片語 in the Abrahamic traditions 插在 which 與動詞 concerns 之間。三個名詞並列當 concerns 的受詞。

so varied that…：so + 形容詞 + that，表結果。varied 放在 forms 之後，整組修飾 forms。

unable to agree on a single definition：形容詞片語，修飾 scholars，等於 who are unable to agree，插在主詞與動詞之間。

which concerns what happens…：which 指 individual eschatology，what 名詞子句當 concerns 的受詞。

in which the whole world is expected to be transformed：介係詞 + 關係代名詞，等於 the whole world is expected to be transformed in cosmic eschatology。be expected to + 被動不定詞。

yet, were the two to be separated entirely, believers would find…：省略 if 的倒裝，等於 if the two were to be separated。were + to + 原形動詞，表較不確定的假設。

on which much of Christian thought rests：介係詞前置，rest on 的 on 移到 which 前。

the very meaning that gives it force：very 作形容詞，意為「正是那個」，用來強調。it 指 the hope of resurrection。

since…is bound up with that of all creation：since 引導原因。be bound up with 意為「與……密不可分」，that 代替 the fate，避免重複。

●參考譯文

末世論是研究「最終之事」的學問，在亞伯拉罕諸宗教中，關心歷史的終結、最後的審判與靈魂的歸宿。它的形態如此多樣，連學者也無法就單一定義取得共識，通常只能區分為兩類：個人末世論關心每個人死亡時會發生什麼，宇宙末世論則期待整個世界被更新。然而，如果兩者被完全切開，信徒會發現，作為基督教思想大半根基的復活盼望，會失去賦予它力量的那層意義，因為一個人的命運與整個受造界的命運密不可分。

●補充說明

Abrahamic traditions 指猶太教、基督教、伊斯蘭教，三者都溯源於亞伯拉罕。其他傳統有對應概念，如佛教的末法思想，但句中限定範圍，避免過度概括。

individual / cosmic eschatology 是學界慣用的二分，實際神學體系常把兩者交織，所以句中說 usually distinguish，不說 always。

realized eschatology（已實現的末世論）是二十世紀神學的重要概念，主張末世在某種意義上已經開始，可作延伸閱讀。

這一句的文法重點：so…that 結果、形容詞片語插入主詞後、介係詞 + 關係代名詞（in which、on which）、省略 if 的 were…to 倒裝、that 代替名詞避免重複。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列15個短句組合回原來的長句：

這次字源完全移到句外用中文說明，長句只留末世論本身的內容，約110字。

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