動物行為學（Ethology）

 動物行為學（Ethology）

● 字源

「動物行為學」對應英文為 Ethology。Ethology 源自希臘文 ēthos（性格、習性）與 -logia（研究），字面意思為「研究習性之學」。此學科屬生物學的分支，結合演化生物學、神經科學與生態學，在自然情境中探討動物行為的成因、發展、功能與演化。

● 例句（約 80 words）

Not only did ethology, which Niko Tinbergen defined as the biological study of behavior, establish that the actions of animals, though long attributed to mere instinct, can be explained through four complementary questions concerning causation, development, function, and evolution, but it also taught researchers, who had observed captive subjects in laboratories, that behavior, if it is to be understood at all, must be examined within the natural environments in which it evolved, a conclusion that students, having been trained accordingly, now regard as foundational.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Not only did ethology,

which Niko Tinbergen defined as the biological study of behavior,

establish that the actions of animals,

though long attributed to mere instinct,

can be explained through four complementary questions

concerning causation, development, function, and evolution,

but it also taught researchers,

who had observed captive subjects in laboratories,

that behavior,

if it is to be understood at all,

must be examined within the natural environments

in which it evolved,

a conclusion

that students,

having been trained accordingly,

now regard as foundational.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Ethology did establish something, and it also taught researchers something.（Not only 倒裝還原後的 not only ... but also 並列結構。）

Niko Tinbergen defined ethology as the biological study of behavior.（which 引導之非限定性關係子句，define A as B。）

The actions of animals can be explained through four complementary questions.（establish 之受詞子句主幹，that 引導。）

The actions of animals were long attributed to mere instinct.（though 引導之讓步分詞片語還原，被動語態。）

The questions concern causation, development, function, and evolution.（concerning 所還原之分詞片語。）

Researchers had observed captive subjects in laboratories.（who 引導之非限定性關係子句，過去完成式。）

Behavior must be examined within the natural environments.（taught 之第二受詞子句主幹。）

Behavior is to be understood at all.（if 條件子句還原，be to V 表目的。）

Behavior evolved in the natural environments.（in which 引導之關係子句。）

The conclusion is that behavior must be examined in natural environments.（a conclusion 為整個 that 子句之同位語。）

Students now regard the conclusion as foundational.（that 引導之限定性關係子句，regard O as 補語。）

Students have been trained accordingly.（having been trained 所還原之完成被動分詞構句。）

● 文法解析

Not only 否定連接詞倒裝（Not only + did + S + V ..., but + S + also + V ...）：

Not only 置於句首，後接助動詞 did 與主詞的倒裝，後半以 but it also 還原正常語序，形成前倒裝、後正裝的對稱結構。強調 ethology 的貢獻有兩層。

插入式關係子句與讓步分詞片語（ethology, which ..., establish that the actions of animals, though ..., can be ...）：

which 子句插在主詞與動詞之間，把主詞與 establish 拉開。though long attributed 為省略主詞與 be 動詞的讓步片語，插在 animals 與 can 之間，讓 that 子句的主詞與動詞再度被隔開。

被動語態與介系詞片語（can be explained through ... concerning ...）：

can be explained 為情態被動，through 引出方法，concerning 分詞片語修飾 questions，列出四項並列名詞，是學術文章常見的壓縮資訊寫法。

taught + O + that 子句與條件子句插入（taught researchers, who ..., that behavior, if it is to be understood at all, must be examined ...）：

taught 後接人與 that 名詞子句的雙受詞結構，中間插入 who 非限定性子句。that 子句內又插入 if it is to be understood at all，以 be to V 表達目的性條件，再接 must be examined 被動主幹。

同位語、關係子句與完成式分詞構句（a conclusion that students, having been trained accordingly, now regard as foundational）：

a conclusion 為前面整個 that 子句之同位語。that 在關係子句中作 regard 的受詞，students 與 now regard 之間插入 having been trained 完成被動分詞構句，表示訓練早於「視為基礎」。句尾以 as foundational 收束全句。

● 參考譯文

動物行為學由尼可·廷伯根定義為對行為的生物學研究，它不僅確立了長期被歸因於單純本能的動物行為，可透過成因、發展、功能與演化這四個互補問題加以解釋，也教導了曾在實驗室觀察圈養個體的研究者，行為若要被真正理解，就必須置於其演化所在的自然環境中檢視，而這項結論，如今已受過相應訓練的學生視為基礎。

● 補充說明

句型亮點與文法變化：

Not only 倒裝： 異於前幾篇的 Should、Were...to、Only after、Had 與 Nowhere 倒裝，本篇改用 Not only did + S + V ..., but + S + also + V，屬並列連接詞引導的倒裝，句型有新意。

不使用分號： 全句僅以 which、though、that、who、if、in which、having been 等連接詞與分詞層層推進，單一主幹貫穿到底。

雙重插入： 主詞 ethology 與動詞 establish 之間、that 子句主詞 actions 與動詞 can be explained 之間，各有一次插入，拉長主詞與動詞的距離。

同位語收束： a conclusion 回指整個 that 子句，再接關係子句與完成被動分詞構句作結。

核心學術字彙與文法重點總結：

關鍵字詞： Ethology（動物行為學）、Instinct（本能）、Causation（成因）、Development（發展）、Function（功能）、Evolution（演化）、Captive（圈養的）、Natural Environment（自然環境）、Foundational（基礎的）。

文法重點： Not only 倒裝、not only ... but also 並列、非限定性關係子句、though 省略式讓步片語、情態被動、taught + O + that 子句、if it is to be understood（be to V）、同位語、關係代名詞作受詞、完成被動分詞構句。

一點小提醒：參考譯文為求順暢，已調整部分分句順序，並將 ethology 後的 which 子句前置為說明語。

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