存在主義 Existentialism

 存在主義 Existentialism

●例句（約215 words，字源放在句首）

Existentialism, a term formed in the twentieth century by adding the suffix -ism to existential, an adjective descended from Late Latin existentialis, which was built on existentia, a noun derived from exsistere, meaning "to step forth" or "to emerge" and itself compounded of ex-, "out", and sistere, "to cause to stand", denotes a family of philosophies that trace their roots to Søren Kierkegaard, who insisted that the individual, not any system, be the starting point of thought, and that acquired their name only when Gabriel Marcel, in the 1940s, applied the term to Jean-Paul Sartre, who, though at first he rejected the label, came to embrace it, summing up the doctrine in the formula "existence precedes essence", by which he meant that human beings, there being no fixed nature to determine them beforehand, are first thrown into the world and only afterwards define what they are through their choices; not until a person faces this freedom does he see that responsibility cannot be handed to God, to society, or to circumstance, so much so that those who deny it are accused of "bad faith", whereas critics, who saw in the doctrine a retreat into private anguish, argued that it neglects the social conditions that limit what anyone can choose, although Heidegger and Camus, each of whom is commonly grouped with the movement, rejected the label for himself.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Existentialism,

a term formed in the twentieth century

by adding the suffix -ism to existential,

an adjective descended from Late Latin existentialis,

which was built on existentia,

a noun derived from exsistere,

meaning "to step forth" or "to emerge"

and itself compounded of ex-,

"out",

and sistere,

"to cause to stand",

denotes a family of philosophies

that trace their roots to Søren Kierkegaard,

who insisted

that the individual,

not any system,

be the starting point of thought,

and that acquired their name

only when Gabriel Marcel,

in the 1940s,

applied the term to Jean-Paul Sartre,

who,

though at first he rejected the label,

came to embrace it,

summing up the doctrine

in the formula "existence precedes essence",

by which he meant

that human beings,

there being no fixed nature

to determine them beforehand,

are first thrown into the world

and only afterwards define

what they are

through their choices;

not until a person faces this freedom

does he see

that responsibility cannot be handed

to God,

to society,

or to circumstance,

so much so

that those who deny it

are accused of "bad faith",

whereas critics,

who saw in the doctrine a retreat into private anguish,

argued

that it neglects the social conditions

that limit what anyone can choose,

although Heidegger and Camus,

each of whom is commonly grouped with the movement,

rejected the label for himself.

●分解為原初的短小句

Existentialism denotes a family of philosophies.（主結構，6字。主詞與動詞 denotes 之間插入約五十個字的字源說明，必須讀到 denotes 才看到動詞。這是本句最大的難點。）

The term was formed in the twentieth century.

It was formed by adding the suffix -ism to existential.

Existential is an adjective.

It descended from Late Latin existentialis.

Existentialis was built on existentia.

Existentia is a noun derived from exsistere.

Exsistere means "to step forth" or "to emerge".

It is compounded of ex- and sistere.

Ex- means "out".

Sistere means "to cause to stand".

The philosophies trace their roots to Søren Kierkegaard.

Kierkegaard insisted that the individual, not any system, be the starting point of thought.

The philosophies acquired their name only in the 1940s.

Gabriel Marcel then applied the term to Jean-Paul Sartre.

Sartre at first rejected the label.

He came to embrace it.

He summed up the doctrine in the formula "existence precedes essence".

By this he meant that human beings are first thrown into the world.

There is no fixed nature to determine them beforehand.

They only afterwards define what they are through their choices.

A person faces this freedom.

Only then does he see that responsibility cannot be handed to God, to society, or to circumstance.

Those who deny this freedom are accused of "bad faith".

Critics saw in the doctrine a retreat into private anguish.

They argued that it neglects the social conditions.

The conditions limit what anyone can choose.

Heidegger and Camus are commonly grouped with the movement.

Each rejected the label for himself.

●文法解析

主句：Existentialism…denotes a family of philosophies that…。主詞之後是同位語 a term formed…，其中又套了 existential 的同位語、which 子句、再一層同位語，denotes 到很後面才出現。

a term formed in the twentieth century by adding the suffix -ism to existential：過去分詞片語修飾 a term，等於 which was formed。by + 動名詞表方式，add A to B 意為「把 A 加到 B 上」。

an adjective descended from Late Latin existentialis：existential 的同位語，descended 是過去分詞，等於 which is descended，be descended from 意為「源自」。

which was built on existentia, a noun derived from exsistere：which 指 existentialis。a noun derived from 是 existentia 的同位語，derived 是過去分詞片語，這條字源鏈是一環接一環，每個同位語都補充上一個字。

meaning "to step forth" or "to emerge" and itself compounded of ex-, "out", and sistere, "to cause to stand"：兩個分詞片語以 and 並列，共同修飾 exsistere：現在分詞 meaning 與過去分詞 compounded。itself 是強調用的反身代名詞。引號內是同位語，不帶動詞。and sistere 要接回 of，與 ex- 並列；注意這個 and 與前面連接兩個分詞片語的 and 不同層，是名詞並列。

a family of philosophies that trace their roots to…, who insisted that…, and that acquired their name…：兩個 that 關係子句以 and 並列，先行詞都是複數的 philosophies，所以動詞是 trace 與 acquired。中間插了 who 子句，讀者容易把第二個 that 誤接回 Kierkegaard 或 thought。

who insisted that the individual, not any system, be the starting point of thought：insist 表「要求、堅持應當」時，that 子句動詞用原形 be，不隨主詞變化，這是要求型假設語氣（mandative subjunctive）。not any system 是插入語，表對比。

only when Gabriel Marcel, in the 1940s, applied the term to…：only when 意為「直到……才」，引導副詞子句。主詞 Marcel 與動詞 applied 之間插入介係詞片語。apply A to B 意為「把 A 用在 B 身上」。

who, though at first he rejected the label, came to embrace it：who 與動詞 came 之間插入 though 讓步子句。come to + 原形動詞，意為「逐漸變成」。

summing up the doctrine in the formula "…"：現在分詞片語，表伴隨動作，主詞是 Sartre。sum up A in B 意為「用 B 概括 A」。

by which he meant that…：介係詞前置，等於 he meant that…by the formula。that 子句當 meant 的受詞。

human beings, there being no fixed nature to determine them beforehand, are first thrown…：there being 是獨立分詞構句，there 是虛主詞，真主詞是 no fixed nature。to determine them beforehand 是不定詞片語，修飾 nature。整個構句插在主詞 human beings 與動詞 are thrown 之間。這裡獨立分詞構句用得正確，因為 there being 的主詞（there）與主句主詞（human beings）不同，且表示理由。

are first thrown…and only afterwards define what they are：兩個動詞以 and 並列，共用主詞。first 與 only afterwards 標示先後。what they are 是名詞子句，當 define 的受詞。

not until a person faces this freedom does he see that…：not until 置於句首，主句主詞與助動詞倒裝（does he see）。not until 引導的副詞子句不倒裝（a person faces）。這個倒裝是否定副詞前置，原動詞是一般動詞現在式，所以加 does。

responsibility cannot be handed to God, to society, or to circumstance：被動語態，三個 to 片語並列。

so much so that those who deny it are accused of "bad faith"：so much so 意為「到這種程度」，第二個 so 代替前面整個內容，that 引導結果子句。those who 意為「那些……的人」。it 指 this freedom。be accused of 意為「被指控為」。

whereas critics, who saw in the doctrine a retreat into private anguish, argued that…：whereas 表對比。who 子句中，saw 的受詞 a retreat 被放在 in the doctrine 之後，讀成 saw [in the doctrine] [a retreat]，這是因為受詞較長，放在後面。

the social conditions that limit what anyone can choose：that 關係子句內，what 名詞子句當 limit 的受詞，what 同時是 choose 的受詞。

although Heidegger and Camus, each of whom is commonly grouped with the movement, rejected…：each of whom 是介係詞 + 關係代名詞的補充說明子句，插在主詞與動詞之間。be grouped with 意為「被歸入」。

rejected the label for himself：himself 是反身代名詞，指 each。each 作單數處理，所以用 himself，不用 themselves。

●參考譯文

「存在主義」一詞形成於二十世紀，是在形容詞 existential 後加上字尾 -ism 構成。existential 源自晚期拉丁文 existentialis，後者建立在名詞 existentia 之上，existentia 又派生自動詞 exsistere，意為「站出來」或「浮現」，而 exsistere 本身由 ex-（「出」）與 sistere（「使站立」）構成。存在主義指一群哲學，根源可追溯到齊克果，他堅持思想的起點應是個人，而不是任何體系。這些哲學直到1940年代才取得這個名稱，當時馬塞爾把這個詞用在沙特身上。沙特起初拒絕這個標籤，後來也接受了，並用「存在先於本質」這個公式概括此學說，意思是：人類並沒有固定的本性預先決定他們，而是先被拋入世界，事後才透過自己的選擇來界定自己是什麼。人要等到面對這份自由，才會明白責任不能推給上帝、社會或處境，甚至到了這種程度：否認自由的人被指為「自欺」。然而批評者認為這個學說是退縮到私人的焦慮之中，並主張它忽視了限制個人選擇的社會條件。至於海德格與卡繆，雖常被歸入這個運動，兩人都否認這個標籤適用於自己。

●補充說明

sistere 是 stare「站立」的重疊式派生動詞，與英文 stand、stable、state 同出印歐詞根 *steh₂-「站」，所以 exist 在字源上是「站出來」。existentia 屬晚期拉丁文，通行說法把 existence 溯及這個拉丁字。existentialism 是二十世紀的新詞，由形容詞加 -ism 構成。海德格曾把 Existenz 拆寫為 Ek-sistenz，強調「站出來」的字源意味，可作延伸閱讀。

essence 與 existence 的對照，與前一篇「本質論」相連：essentialism 主張本質先於且規定事物，沙特的公式則把這個次序倒轉過來。

「馬塞爾把這個詞用在沙特身上」是通行說法，時間多定在1940年代中期，文獻對確切時間與場合仍有出入，所以句中只寫 in the 1940s。沙特1945年演講〈存在主義是一種人道主義〉是他公開接受這個標籤的標誌性文本，他在此前確曾表示抗拒，所以句中寫 at first he rejected。

齊克果本人並未使用這個詞，他被視為先驅，是後人追認，所以句中說 trace their roots to，不說他創立了存在主義。他批評的體系主要指黑格爾哲學。

「自欺」（mauvaise foi, bad faith）是沙特《存在與虛無》的概念，指人假裝自己沒有自由、把自己當成物。這是沙特的用語，不是所有存在主義者共用的詞，所以句中把它寫成對否認自由者的指控。

馬克思主義者的批評（如盧卡奇）指存在主義是資產階級的個人主義；沙特後期的《辯證理性批判》（1960）嘗試與馬克思主義調和。這場辯論並無定論，所以句中只寫 critics argued，不判斷對錯。

海德格在《論人道主義的書信》（1946）中劃清與沙特的界線，卡繆則多次公開否認自己是存在主義者。這些是他們各自的立場，「被歸入」是後人的分類，所以句中用 commonly grouped。

這一句的文法重點與前六篇不同：一環接一環的同位語字源鏈、兩個分詞片語以 and 並列、and that 與前一個 that 並列但被 who 子句隔開、insist 後的原形動詞 be、there being 獨立分詞構句、not until…does 倒裝、so much so that、each of whom 與 himself 的單複數對照。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列29個短句組合回原來的長句：