exogamy 與 endogamy 談的是「在群體外或群體內婚配」的規範；incest taboo 則是禁止近親性關係的禁忌

exogamy 與 endogamy 談的是「在群體外或群體內婚配」的規範；incest taboo 則是禁止近親性關係的禁忌

第一句：族外婚 exogamy（77 字）

In anthropological studies of alliance theory, the exogamous rules requiring individuals to marry outside their own clan and obliging families to exchange spouses with neighboring groups were kinship principles that were enforced by customary law, which were either praised for building political alliances or criticized by scholars who were convinced that arranged exchanges limited personal choice, thereby expanding social networks by linking separate lineages and reducing conflicts that had long divided small communities across many tribal societies.

1. 結構破解

In anthropological studies of alliance theory,

the exogamous rules

requiring individuals to marry outside their own clan

and obliging families to exchange spouses with neighboring groups

were kinship principles

that were enforced by customary law,

which were either praised for building political alliances

or criticized by scholars

who were convinced that arranged exchanges limited personal choice,

thereby expanding social networks

by linking separate lineages

and reducing conflicts

that had long divided small communities

across many tribal societies.

2. 分解為短句

In anthropological studies of alliance theory, the exogamous rules were kinship principles.（主句骨架）

The rules required individuals to marry outside their own clan and obliged families to exchange spouses with neighboring groups.

The principles were enforced by customary law.

The principles were either praised for building political alliances or criticized by scholars.

The scholars were convinced that arranged exchanges limited personal choice.

This expanded social networks by linking separate lineages and reducing conflicts across many tribal societies.

The conflicts had long divided small communities.

3. 參考譯文

在聯盟理論的人類學研究中，要求個人在自身氏族之外婚配、並責成家族與鄰近群體交換配偶的族外婚規則，是由習慣法所執行的親屬原則；這些原則若非因建立政治聯盟而受稱讚，就是受到深信安排式交換限制個人選擇的學者所批評，從而藉由連結分立的世系並減少長期分裂小型社群的衝突，在許多部落社會中擴展了社會網絡。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

requiring / obliging：現在分詞片語，取代 which required... and obliged...

require A to + V：要求 A 做……；oblige A to + V：責成、迫使 A 做……

exogamy：「族外婚」，希臘文 exo（外）＋ gamos（婚姻）；形容詞為 exogamous

be convinced that + 子句：深信……

alliance theory：「聯盟理論」，指列維史陀的親屬研究取向

customary law：「習慣法」；lineage：「世系」

enforce：「執行、強制實施」；tribal：「部落的」

第二句：族內婚 endogamy（78 字）

In sociological research on minority communities, the endogamous norms encouraging members to marry within their own caste, religion, or ethnic group and discouraging unions with outsiders were boundary-maintaining customs that were upheld by anxious elders, which were either defended as safeguards of cultural identity or condemned by critics who were worried that rigid preferences perpetuated social segregation, thereby preserving group solidarity by controlling partner selection and concentrating wealth within circles that had long guarded their privileges across generations.

1. 結構破解

In sociological research on minority communities,

the endogamous norms

encouraging members to marry within their own caste, religion, or ethnic group

and discouraging unions with outsiders

were boundary-maintaining customs

that were upheld by anxious elders,

which were either defended as safeguards of cultural identity

or condemned by critics

who were worried that rigid preferences perpetuated social segregation,

thereby preserving group solidarity

by controlling partner selection

and concentrating wealth

within circles

that had long guarded their privileges

across generations.

2. 分解為短句

In sociological research on minority communities, the endogamous norms were boundary-maintaining customs.（主句骨架）

The norms encouraged members to marry within their own caste, religion, or ethnic group and discouraged unions with outsiders.

The customs were upheld by anxious elders.

The customs were either defended as safeguards of cultural identity or condemned by critics.

The critics were worried that rigid preferences perpetuated social segregation.

This preserved group solidarity by controlling partner selection and concentrating wealth within circles across generations.

The circles had long guarded their privileges.

3. 參考譯文

在少數族群社群的社會學研究中，鼓勵成員在自身種姓、宗教或族群內婚配、並勸阻與外人結合的族內婚規範，是由焦慮的長輩所維護的維繫界線之習俗；這些習俗若非被捍衛為文化認同的保障，就是受到擔憂僵固偏好使社會隔離延續的批評者所譴責，從而藉由控制伴侶選擇來維繫群體團結，並把財富集中於世代長期護衛特權的圈子之內。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

encouraging / discouraging：現在分詞片語，取代 which encouraged... and discouraged...

encourage A to + V：鼓勵 A 做……；discourage 此處接名詞 unions，意為「勸阻」

endogamy：「族內婚」，希臘文 endo（內）＋ gamos（婚姻）；與 exogamy 為反義

be worried that + 子句：擔憂……

boundary-maintaining：「維繫界線的」；solidarity：「團結」

perpetuate：「使延續」；segregation：「隔離」

caste：「種姓」；privilege：「特權」

第三句：亂倫禁忌 incest taboo（78 字）

In comparative studies of human societies, the incest taboos forbidding sexual relations between close relatives and punishing violators with social disgrace or legal penalties were near-universal prohibitions that were reinforced by religious teachings, which were either explained as protections against genetic harm or interpreted by theorists who were convinced that the rule fostered cooperation between families, thereby maintaining orderly household roles by restraining desire and compelling kin groups to seek partners across communities that had long regulated sexuality.

1. 結構破解

In comparative studies of human societies,

the incest taboos

forbidding sexual relations between close relatives

and punishing violators with social disgrace or legal penalties

were near-universal prohibitions

that were reinforced by religious teachings,

which were either explained as protections against genetic harm

or interpreted by theorists

who were convinced that the rule fostered cooperation between families,

thereby maintaining orderly household roles

by restraining desire

and compelling kin groups to seek partners

across communities

that had long regulated sexuality.

2. 分解為短句

In comparative studies of human societies, the incest taboos were near-universal prohibitions.（主句骨架）

The taboos forbade sexual relations between close relatives and punished violators with social disgrace or legal penalties.

The prohibitions were reinforced by religious teachings.

The prohibitions were either explained as protections against genetic harm or interpreted by theorists.

The theorists were convinced that the rule fostered cooperation between families.

This maintained orderly household roles by restraining desire and compelling kin groups to seek partners across communities.

The communities had long regulated sexuality.

3. 參考譯文

在人類社會的比較研究中，禁止近親之間性關係、並以社會恥辱或法律刑罰懲處違犯者的亂倫禁忌，是由宗教教導所強化的近乎普遍的禁令；這些禁令若非被解釋為對遺傳傷害的防護，就是被深信此規則促進家族間合作的理論家所詮釋，從而藉由抑制慾望並迫使親屬群體跨越長期規範性行為的社群去尋找伴侶，維持了有序的家戶角色。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

forbidding / punishing：現在分詞片語，取代 which forbade... and punished...

forbid A：禁止 A；punish A with B：以 B 懲罰 A

incest taboo：「亂倫禁忌」；incest：「亂倫」，taboo：「禁忌」

be convinced that + 子句：深信……

compel A to + V：迫使 A 做……

kin group：「親屬群體」；foster：「促進、培養」

near-universal：「近乎普遍的」；violator：「違犯者」

genetic harm：「遺傳傷害」；restrain：「抑制」

三句皆沿用原骨架：主句為「名詞＋現在分詞片語＋were＋名詞」，接 that 子句、which were either...or...，最後以 thereby＋V-ing 收尾。