罪論 Hamartiology

 罪論 Hamartiology

●字源（中文說明，不併入長句）

hamartiology = hamartia + logos（-logy）

hamartia（希臘文）：偏離目標、射不中靶心、過失。動詞 hamartanein 意為「失誤、錯過」。新約聖經用它指「罪」，字面意思是「未中靶心」。希伯來文常譯為「罪」的 chata' 也有「偏離、失誤」的意思。

logos：言說、論述、學問。

字面意思是「關於罪的論述」，英文詞十九世紀才出現，形容詞是 hamartiological。

另一個用法：亞里斯多德《詩學》用 hamartia 指悲劇主角的「過失」或「判斷失誤」，常被誤稱為「悲劇性缺陷」。這與神學的「罪」相關但不等同。

譯名：「罪論」是基督教神學中論罪的部分，與論神的「神論」、論基督的「基督論」、論聖靈的「聖靈論」並列。

●例句（約120 words）

Hamartiology, the branch of Christian theology that examines sin, owes its classic Western shape to Augustine, who, reading Paul's statement that death spread to all because all sinned in the light of his own long struggle with desire, concluded that Adam's fall had left every human being born guilty and unable, without grace, to choose the good, a conclusion that the Western church, though it softened some of its harsher corollaries, never abandoned; what Eastern theologians questioned was not the universality of sin but the notion of inherited guilt, since they preferred to say that what Adam bequeathed was mortality and weakness, not condemnation, a difference that, however subtle it may appear, still shapes how the two traditions speak of baptism and grace.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Hamartiology,

the branch of Christian theology

that examines sin,

owes its classic Western shape to Augustine,

who,

reading Paul's statement

that death spread to all because all sinned

in the light of his own long struggle with desire,

concluded

that Adam's fall had left every human being born guilty

and unable,

without grace,

to choose the good,

a conclusion

that the Western church,

though it softened some of its harsher corollaries,

never abandoned;

what Eastern theologians questioned

was not the universality of sin

but the notion of inherited guilt,

since they preferred to say

that what Adam bequeathed

was mortality and weakness,

not condemnation,

a difference

that,

however subtle it may appear,

still shapes

how the two traditions speak of baptism and grace.

●分解為原初的短小句

Hamartiology owes its classic Western shape to Augustine.（主結構，8字。主詞與動詞 owes 之間插入同位語與 that 關係子句，約九個字，動詞出現得較早，真正的難點在後半：Augustine 之後的 who 子句長達四十餘字，要讀到 concluded 才完整。）

Hamartiology is the branch of Christian theology.

It examines sin.

Paul's statement says that death spread to all because all sinned.

Augustine read the statement in the light of his own long struggle with desire.

Augustine concluded that Adam's fall had left every human being born guilty.

He also concluded that human beings are unable, without grace, to choose the good.

The Western church never abandoned this conclusion.

It softened some of its harsher corollaries.

Eastern theologians did not question the universality of sin.

They questioned the notion of inherited guilt.

They preferred to say that Adam bequeathed mortality and weakness.

Adam did not bequeath condemnation.

The difference may appear subtle.

It still shapes how the two traditions speak of baptism and grace.

●文法解析

主句：Hamartiology…owes its classic Western shape to Augustine。主詞之後是同位語 the branch of Christian theology that examines sin。owe A to B 意為「A 歸功於、源自 B」。

who, reading Paul's statement…, concluded that…：who 與動詞 concluded 之間插入現在分詞片語 reading…，表示方式或依據，主詞是 who（Augustine）。要跳過整個分詞片語才看到動詞。

Paul's statement that death spread to all because all sinned：that 引導同位語子句，說明 statement 的內容，裡面還有 because 子句。這個 that 與 because 要分清：that 是同位語子句的連接詞，because 是子句內部的原因。

in the light of：意為「根據、鑑於」，後接 his own long struggle with desire。這個片語放在 reading 的受詞之後，讓讀者容易誤以為它修飾 sinned。它其實修飾 reading。

concluded that Adam's fall had left every human being born guilty and unable, without grace, to choose the good：had left + 受詞 + 補語，意為「使……處於……狀態」。born guilty 的 guilty 是補語，and unable 與 guilty 並列。without grace 是插入語。to choose the good 是 unable 的補充，be unable to + 原形動詞。過去完成式 had left 表示先於 concluded。

a conclusion that the Western church, though it softened…, never abandoned：a conclusion 是前面整個 concluded 內容的同位語。that 是 abandoned 的受詞，語序是 that + 主詞 + 動詞，受詞前置，要讀到 abandoned 才完整。though 讓步子句插在主詞與動詞之間。

what Eastern theologians questioned was not the universality of sin but the notion of inherited guilt：what 子句當主詞，這是擬分裂句（pseudo-cleft），what…was…的結構。not A but B 連接兩個名詞片語。主詞是整個 what 子句，動詞是 was。

since they preferred to say that what Adam bequeathed was mortality and weakness, not condemnation：since 表理由。say that 後的子句中，what Adam bequeathed 又是一個 what 名詞子句當主詞，要看到後面的 was 才完整。這個 what 子句嵌在 that 子句裡，是兩層。

a difference that, however subtle it may appear, still shapes…：a difference 指前述分歧，作同位語。that 是 shapes 的主詞，however 讓步子句插在 that 與動詞之間。however subtle it may appear 等於 no matter how subtle it may appear。與前篇 however abstract 相比，這裡保留了 it may appear，結構完整，沒有省略。

how the two traditions speak of baptism and grace：how 名詞子句當 shapes 的受詞，意為「兩個傳統如何談論……」。

●參考譯文

罪論是基督教神學中檢視罪的部分，西方的經典形態要歸功於奧古斯丁。他把保羅所說「死亡臨到眾人，因為眾人都犯了罪」，放在自己長久與欲望搏鬥的經驗中來閱讀，因而斷定亞當的墮落使每個人一出生就有罪，並且沒有恩典便無力選擇善。這個結論，西方教會雖然緩和了其中一些較嚴厲的推論，卻從未放棄。東方神學家質疑的不是罪的普遍性，而是「遺傳的罪責」這個觀念，因為他們寧可說，亞當留給後人的是必死與軟弱，而不是定罪。這個差異，無論看來多麼細微，至今仍影響兩個傳統如何談論洗禮與恩典。

●補充說明

hamartia 「射不中靶心」的意象，常被用來說明聖經的罪觀：罪不只是違反規則，也是偏離目標。這個意象有助理解，但聖經中「罪」的語彙很多（如希伯來文 pesha「悖逆」、avon「罪孽」），不能只靠這個字概括。希臘文 hamartanein 的更早詞源並不確定，所以字源說明只寫通行的字面義。

保羅的話出自《羅馬書》5:12。奧古斯丁依據的拉丁文《武加大譯本》把其中一個短語譯為 in quo omnes peccaverunt，可讀作「眾人在他裡面犯了罪」，因此更容易導向「全人類在亞當裡有份於這項罪」的解讀。希臘原文的連接詞較可能是「因為」，這是現代學者的常見看法，句中用 because 反映這一點。這是原罪教義的一條重要線索。

「原罪」（original sin）的教義在西方是由奧古斯丁與伯拉糺（Pelagius）的論戰塑造。伯拉糺主張人有能力不犯罪，奧古斯丁則強調沒有恩典便無力行善。句中「西方教會緩和某些推論」，指的是後來對嬰孩受洗、未受洗者命運等問題的調整，並非放棄教義，所以句中寫 softened some of its harsher corollaries。

東方傳統（希臘教父與東正教）更常用「祖傳之罪」（ancestral sin）一詞，著重必死與敗壞，而不是承襲罪責。「東方不承襲罪責」是常見的概括說法，實際上各家說法不一，也有學者認為東西方的差異被誇大，所以句中用 preferred to say，不寫成絕對判斷。

宗教改革者（如路德與加爾文）大體接受並強化奧古斯丁的罪論，這句例句沒有寫，以免句子過長。若要延伸，可談「全然敗壞」（total depravity）與羅馬天主教的差別。

這一句的文法重點：同位語帶 that 關係子句、分詞片語 reading…插在 who 與動詞之間、同位語子句內含 because 子句、in the light of 的修飾對象、a conclusion that…受詞前置、what 子句當主詞的擬分裂句、what 子句嵌在 that 子句裡、however…it may appear 完整讓步結構。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列15個短句組合回原來的長句：