享樂主義 Hedonism

 享樂主義 Hedonism

●例句（約200 words，字源放在句首）

Hedonism, a word formed in the nineteenth century from the Greek hēdonē, meaning "pleasure", which is related to hēdys, "sweet", and the suffix -ism, which marks a doctrine or system of belief, names the view that pleasure is the only thing good in itself and pain the only thing bad in itself, a view which Aristippus of Cyrene, who taught that the immediate pleasures of the body are the highest good, defended in its crudest form, and which Epicurus, having concluded that a life chasing every appetite ends in the pain of excess and regret, refined into a call for modest pleasures and, above all, freedom from disturbance; yet so troubling did later thinkers find the implications of the doctrine that Robert Nozick, in imagining an "experience machine" that could give a person any pleasant experience he chose, asked whether anyone who valued only pleasure would hesitate to plug in, and, on observing that most people would refuse, concluded that we care about doing and being things, not merely about feeling them, an argument that defenders, notwithstanding its intuitive force, resist by replying that our reluctance may reflect nothing more than a bias in favor of the familiar, whereas critics, citing the so-called paradox of hedonism, maintain that those who aim directly at pleasure are the least likely to find it.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Hedonism,

a word formed in the nineteenth century

from the Greek hēdonē,

meaning "pleasure",

which is related to hēdys,

"sweet",

and the suffix -ism,

which marks a doctrine or system of belief,

names the view

that pleasure is the only thing good in itself

and pain the only thing bad in itself,

a view

which Aristippus of Cyrene,

who taught that the immediate pleasures of the body are the highest good,

defended in its crudest form,

and which Epicurus,

having concluded

that a life chasing every appetite ends in the pain of excess and regret,

refined into a call for modest pleasures

and,

above all,

freedom from disturbance;

yet so troubling did later thinkers find

the implications of the doctrine

that Robert Nozick,

in imagining an "experience machine"

that could give a person any pleasant experience he chose,

asked

whether anyone who valued only pleasure would hesitate to plug in,

and,

on observing that most people would refuse,

concluded

that we care about doing and being things,

not merely about feeling them,

an argument

that defenders,

notwithstanding its intuitive force,

resist

by replying

that our reluctance may reflect nothing more

than a bias in favor of the familiar,

whereas critics,

citing the so-called paradox of hedonism,

maintain

that those who aim directly at pleasure

are the least likely to find it.

●分解為原初的短小句

Hedonism names the view.（主結構，4字。主詞後插入約三十個字的字源說明，必須讀到 names 才看到動詞。）

The word was formed in the nineteenth century.

It was formed from the Greek hēdonē and the suffix -ism.

Hēdonē means "pleasure".

Hēdonē is related to hēdys.

Hēdys means "sweet".

The suffix -ism marks a doctrine or system of belief.

The view holds that pleasure is the only thing good in itself.

It also holds that pain is the only thing bad in itself.

Aristippus of Cyrene defended the view in its crudest form.

He taught that the immediate pleasures of the body are the highest good.

Epicurus concluded that a life chasing every appetite ends in the pain of excess and regret.

He therefore refined the view into a call for modest pleasures.

He also called for freedom from disturbance, above all.

Later thinkers found the implications of the doctrine so troubling.

Robert Nozick imagined an "experience machine".

The machine could give a person any pleasant experience he chose.

Nozick asked whether anyone who valued only pleasure would hesitate to plug in.

He observed that most people would refuse.

He concluded that we care about doing and being things.

We do not care merely about feeling them.

Defenders respect the intuitive force of this argument.

They resist it nonetheless.

They reply that our reluctance may reflect nothing more than a bias in favor of the familiar.

Critics cite the so-called paradox of hedonism.

They maintain that those who aim directly at pleasure are the least likely to find it.

●文法解析

主句：Hedonism…names the view that…。主詞之後是同位語 a word formed…，內含 from 帶出的兩個並列成分 the Greek hēdonē 與 the suffix -ism，names 到很後面才出現。

formed in the nineteenth century from…：過去分詞片語，修飾 a word，等於 which was formed。meaning "pleasure" 是現在分詞片語，補充說明 hēdonē。

which is related to hēdys, "sweet"：非限定關係子句，which 指 hēdonē。"sweet" 是同位語，補充說明 hēdys 的意思，不另帶動詞。

and the suffix -ism, which marks…：and 接回 from，與 the Greek hēdonē 並列。這個 which 指 -ism，與前一個 which 指 hēdonē 不同，要依先行詞分辨。

the view that pleasure is the only thing good in itself and pain the only thing bad in itself：that 同位語子句，兩個子句以 and 並列。後一個 pain the only thing bad…省略了 is，是省略結構。good in itself 的形容詞 good 放在名詞 thing 之後修飾。

a view which Aristippus…defended…, and which Epicurus…refined：同位語 a view 帶兩個以 and 對等的關係子句，兩個 which 都是動詞的受詞。語序是 which + 主詞 + 動詞，受詞前置，要讀到 defended 與 refined 才完整。

who taught that…：who 是非限定關係子句，補充說明 Aristippus，插在主詞與動詞之間。taught 後 that 子句當受詞。

having concluded that…：完成式分詞片語，表示比 refined 更早的動作，插在 Epicurus 與 refined 之間。a life chasing every appetite 中，chasing 是現在分詞，修飾 a life，等於 a life that chases every appetite。

refined into a call for modest pleasures and, above all, freedom from disturbance：refine A into B 意為「把 A 精煉成 B」。and 連接 modest pleasures 與 freedom from disturbance，兩者都是 a call for 的受詞，above all 是插入語。

so troubling did later thinkers find the implications of the doctrine that…：so + 形容詞置於句首，後面主詞與動詞倒裝（did later thinkers find）。正常語序是 later thinkers found the implications of the doctrine so troubling that…。這裡 find + 受詞 + 補語，意為「覺得……」。這個倒裝與前篇 so abstract are these questions 同類，但這裡用助動詞 did，因為原動詞是一般動詞 found。

Nozick, in imagining…, asked whether…, and, on observing…, concluded that…：一個主詞 Nozick 帶兩個以 and 並列的動詞 asked 與 concluded，各自前面有一個介係詞 + 動名詞片語（in imagining、on observing）。on + 動名詞意為「一……就……」。

an "experience machine" that could give a person any pleasant experience he chose：that 關係子句，experience 後省略關係代名詞，he chose 修飾 any pleasant experience。give A B 是雙受詞結構。

whether anyone who valued only pleasure would hesitate to plug in：whether 名詞子句當 asked 的受詞。anyone 後接 who 關係子句，主句動詞是 would hesitate。

not merely about feeling them：not merely…意為「不只是……」，與前面 care about doing and being things 並列對比。

an argument that defenders, notwithstanding its intuitive force, resist：an argument 是前面整個 concluded 內容的同位語。that 是 resist 的受詞，notwithstanding 插在主詞與動詞之間，要讀到 resist 才完整。

by replying that our reluctance may reflect nothing more than a bias in favor of the familiar：by + 動名詞表方式。nothing more than 意為「不過是」。the familiar 是 the + 形容詞，表「熟悉的事物」。

whereas critics, citing…, maintain that…：whereas 表對比，連接前後兩派。citing 是現在分詞片語，表方式或依據，插在 critics 與 maintain 之間。

those who aim directly at pleasure are the least likely to find it：those who 意為「那些……的人」。the least likely to 是最高級，意為「最不可能」。

●參考譯文

「享樂主義」（hedonism）一詞形成於十九世紀，由希臘文 hēdonē（「快樂」，與 hēdys「甜」有關）加上表示學說或信念體系的字尾 -ism 構成。享樂主義主張，快樂是唯一本身為善的事物，痛苦是唯一本身為惡的事物。昔蘭尼的亞里斯提卜以最粗淺的形式捍衛這個主張，教導說身體當下的快感是最高的善；伊比鳩魯則斷定追逐每一種欲望的生活，終將以過度與悔恨的痛苦收場，因此把它精煉成對適度快樂的呼籲，尤其是對免於紛擾的呼籲。然而後世思想家覺得這個學說的含意如此令人困擾，以致諾齊克設想了一部「經驗機器」，能給人任何他所選擇的愉快經驗，並問：只重視快樂的人，會不會遲疑要不要接上這部機器？他觀察到多數人會拒絕，便斷定我們在意的是去做、去成為某種事物，而不只是去感受。辯護者雖承認這個論證有直覺的說服力，仍加以抵抗，回應說我們的不情願，可能不過是偏愛熟悉事物的偏見；批評者則援引所謂的「享樂主義的悖論」，主張直接以快樂為目標的人，最不可能找到快樂。

●補充說明

hēdonē 與英文 sweet 同源，印歐語系詞根 *swād-「甜、令人愉悅」，所以快樂在字源上和「甜美」相連。hedonism 一詞在十九世紀才出現，古人並無這個稱呼，亞里斯提卜學派常被稱為 Cyrenaics（昔蘭尼學派）。

亞里斯提卜（Aristippus）的立場通常被描述為「當下身體快感最高」，但古代文獻零散，且他的思想可能部分由其孫輩系統化，所以「他教導」一說以通行說法為準，句中保留 who taught。

伊比鳩魯（Epicurus）的快樂以 ataraxia（心神安寧）與 aponia（身體無痛）為核心，並非縱欲，這點與日常語言中「伊比鳩魯式享樂」的聯想不同，常被誤解。

諾齊克（Robert Nozick）的「經驗機器」見《無政府、國家與烏托邦》（1974）。這個思想實驗是否真能駁倒享樂主義，學界有爭議，辯護者提出的「現狀偏見」（status quo bias）回應就是其中一種，所以句中兩種立場並列，不把它寫成定論。

享樂主義的悖論（paradox of hedonism）常歸給西奇威克（Sidgwick）等人，指直接追求快樂反而難得到快樂。這個悖論是描述心理現象的說法，並非邏輯矛盾，批評者借它質疑「以快樂為行動目標」的策略，並不等於否定快樂有價值，這點要分辨清楚。

這一句的文法重點與前四篇不同：並列的 which 子句分別指不同先行詞（hēdonē 與 -ism）、省略 is 的對等結構（pain the only thing bad）、having concluded 完成式分詞、so troubling did…倒裝、on + 動名詞、citing 分詞片語表依據、those who 結構與最高級 the least likely to。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列26個短句組合回原來的長句：