天主教鎮壓路德宗（宗教裁判所 Inquisition 與反宗教改革）

天主教鎮壓路德宗（宗教裁判所 Inquisition 與反宗教改革）

● 字源

「Inquisition」源自拉丁文 inquisitio（調查、審訊），來自動詞 inquirere（in-「向內」＋ quaerere「尋求」），本義是「追查」。中世紀起指教會審判異端的機構；十六世紀的西班牙與羅馬宗教裁判所，是天主教對抗新教的主要工具之一。

● 例句

So thoroughly did the Roman Catholic Church, which had condemned Martin Luther, whose teachings on salvation by faith alone had challenged papal authority, as a heretic in 1521 and which persuaded Emperor Charles V, whose territories stretched across Europe, to outlaw him at the Diet of Worms, pursue Lutheran believers wherever its power reached, notably in Spain and Italy, through the Inquisition, the Index of Forbidden Books, and the Jesuit-led Counter-Reformation, that, as historians have often noted, the Lutheran movement survived largely where northern German princes, whose armies the emperor could not easily defeat, chose to protect it from persecution.

（約 100 字）

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

So thoroughly did the Roman Catholic Church,

which had condemned Martin Luther,

whose teachings on salvation by faith alone had challenged papal authority,

as a heretic in 1521

and which persuaded Emperor Charles V,

whose territories stretched across Europe,

to outlaw him at the Diet of Worms,

pursue Lutheran believers wherever its power reached,

notably in Spain and Italy,

through the Inquisition, the Index of Forbidden Books, and the Jesuit-led Counter-Reformation,

that,

as historians have often noted,

the Lutheran movement survived largely where northern German princes,

whose armies the emperor could not easily defeat,

chose to protect it from persecution.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The Roman Catholic Church pursued Lutheran believers so thoroughly that the movement survived only in some places.（So thoroughly did 置於句首而倒裝；主詞 the Church 要到很後面才出現。）

The Church had condemned Martin Luther as a heretic in 1521.（第一個 which 引導之關係子句。）

Luther's teachings on salvation by faith alone had challenged papal authority.（whose 引導之插入子句，插在 Luther 與 as a heretic 之間。）

The Church persuaded Emperor Charles V to outlaw Luther at the Diet of Worms.（and which 引導之並列關係子句；persuade 受詞 + to 不定詞。）

Charles V's territories stretched across Europe.（whose 引導之非限定性關係子句。）

The Church pursued Lutherans wherever its power reached, notably in Spain and Italy.（wherever 引導之地方副詞子句；notably 片語補充說明。）

The Church used the Inquisition, the Index of Forbidden Books, and the Jesuit-led Counter-Reformation.（through 引導之三項並列介系詞片語，說明手段。）

Historians have often noted this.（as 引導之插入子句，as 代替後面整個內容。）

The Lutheran movement survived largely where northern German princes protected it from persecution.（that 引導之結果子句，與句首 So 呼應；where 引導之關係副詞子句。）

The emperor could not easily defeat the princes' armies.（whose 引導之插入子句，armies 為 defeat 之受詞，故前置。）

● 文法解析

So thoroughly did ... pursue ... that 倒裝（So + 副詞 + 助動詞 + 主詞 + 原形動詞 ... that 子句）：

so ... that 表示「如此……以致於」。so thoroughly 提到句首時，須將助動詞 did 提前，主詞 the Church 隨後，動詞 pursue 用原形。主詞與動詞之間插入約 45 個字，須辨認 did 與 pursue 才是主幹。結果子句 that 要到近句末才出現，讀者須一路記住句首的 So。

兩個 which 並列，中間夾 whose（which had condemned ... and which persuaded ...）：

兩個 which 都修飾 the Church，以 and which 連接。第一個 which 子句的受詞 Luther 後面又被 whose 子句截斷，as a heretic 被推遲到插入內容之後才出現，形成插入中的插入。

persuaded ... to outlaw him（persuade + 受詞 + to 不定詞）：

動詞 persuaded 與其受詞 Emperor Charles V 之間隔著 whose 子句，to outlaw 才接上，須回頭確認「說服的對象是皇帝」。

wherever 子句與 notably 片語（pursue ... wherever its power reached, notably in Spain and Italy）：

wherever 引導地方副詞子句，意為「在……之處」。notably in Spain and Italy 為補充說明的插入片語。之後三項並列的 through 片語交代手段，一路拖到 that 子句才收尾。

that 結果子句內的 as 插入與 whose 受詞前置：

that 之後立刻插入 as historians have often noted，as 代替後面整個內容。主詞 the movement 到 survived 之間隔著 as 子句。末段 whose armies the emperor could not easily defeat 中，armies 是 defeat 之受詞，被 whose 帶到前面，語序為「受詞 + 主詞 + 動詞」，須還原才讀得懂。

● 參考譯文

天主教會於一五二一年將馬丁·路德定為異端（其唯憑信心得救的主張挑戰了教宗權威），又說服疆域橫跨歐洲的皇帝查理五世在沃姆斯帝國議會上宣布路德為法外之徒。此後教會藉由宗教裁判所、禁書目錄與耶穌會主導的反宗教改革，在權力所及之處追捕路德宗信徒，西班牙與義大利尤其如此。鎮壓之徹底，使歷史學家常指出，路德宗運動主要只在北德諸侯（皇帝難以輕易擊敗其軍隊）願意庇護的地方倖存下來。

● 補充說明

句型亮點與文法變化：

So + 副詞 倒裝： 前幾篇已用過 No sooner、Seldom、Little、Only after、Not only、Not until、Hardly、Were it not for 等倒裝，本篇改用 so ... that 結構的 So thoroughly did，主詞與動詞被拆開，結果子句遠在句末。

不使用分號： 全句僅以 which、whose、wherever、through、that、as、where 等連接詞與關係詞推進，單一主幹貫穿到底。

三個 whose 插入： Luther's teachings、Charles V's territories、the princes' armies，各自帶出一段補充資訊，其中兩個 whose 子句被套進更大的子句裡。

三項並列手段： 宗教裁判所、禁書目錄、反宗教改革以 through 並列，呈現鎮壓的「軟硬兼施」：審判、思想審查、教育與傳教。

更多相關歷史例子（可替換或延伸使用）：

1540 年教宗保祿三世批准耶穌會（Society of Jesus），成為反宗教改革的主力。

1559 年教宗保祿四世頒布第一份正式的禁書目錄（Index Librorum Prohibitorum）。

1559 年前後，西班牙瓦拉多利德與塞維亞的路德宗小團體遭宗教裁判所破獲，並舉行公開的信仰審判儀式（auto-da-fé）。

1555 年《奧格斯堡和約》（Peace of Augsburg）確立 cuius regio, eius religio（統治者的宗教即領地的宗教），路德宗取得合法地位。

核心學術字彙與文法重點總結：

關鍵字詞： Inquisition（宗教裁判所）、Counter-Reformation（反宗教改革）、Heretic（異端）、Excommunicate（開除教籍）、Outlaw（宣告為法外之徒）、Index of Forbidden Books（禁書目錄）、Diet（帝國議會）、Persecution（迫害）。

文法重點： So + 副詞 倒裝（so ... that）、並列 which 子句、whose 插入與受詞前置、persuade + 受詞 + to 不定詞、wherever 子句、through 三項並列、as 準關係代名詞、where 關係副詞子句。

一點小提醒： 一五二一年一月教宗革除路德教籍，同年五月的《沃姆斯敕令》才宣布他為法外之徒；教廷使節亞歷山大（Aleander）在推動敕令上相當積極，例句為求簡潔合併敘述。路德宗的倖存也不只靠北德諸侯，斯堪地那維亞諸王國同樣是重要的庇護者；皇帝查理五世曾在一五四七年的米爾貝格戰役擊敗施馬爾卡爾登同盟，最後仍在一五五五年被迫承認路德宗。宗教裁判所主要運作於西班牙與義大利，神聖羅馬帝國境內則更多依賴世俗武力與耶穌會。例句實際約 100 個英文單字。參考譯文為求順暢，已調整部分分句順序。