在機場的K9嗅毒犬 K9 Drug-Detection Dog/Sniffer in the Airport

在機場的K9嗅毒犬 K9 Drug-Detection Dog/Sniffer in the Airport

● 字源

「K9」是英文 canine 的諧音縮寫，用來指警犬或軍犬。「detection」源自拉丁文 detegere（de- 去除＋ tegere 覆蓋，意指揭開、發現）。「sniffer」源自擬聲字 sniff（以鼻吸氣聞嗅），加上 -er 表示做此動作者。「airport」由 air（空氣）與 port（港口，源自拉丁文 portus）組成。

● 例句

Not until handlers, whose dogs, which had been trained for months to associate a faint chemical signature with a food reward, patrolled the baggage halls of busy airports, realized that the animals, whose noses, a sense that, as veterinary scientists have repeatedly shown, can detect vapors at concentrations far below any instrument's threshold, were being misled by cues that the handlers themselves unwittingly gave, did the programs begin to adopt blind trials in which no one present knew where the sample was hidden.

（約 90 字）

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Not until handlers,

whose dogs,

which had been trained for months to associate a faint chemical signature with a food reward,

patrolled the baggage halls of busy airports,

realized that the animals,

whose noses,

a sense

that,

as veterinary scientists have repeatedly shown,

can detect vapors at concentrations far below any instrument's threshold,

were being misled by cues

that the handlers themselves unwittingly gave,

did the programs begin to adopt blind trials

in which no one present knew

where the sample was hidden.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The programs did not begin to adopt blind trials until handlers realized something.（Not until 置於句首，主句倒裝，還原後為 The programs began to adopt blind trials not until ...。）

Handlers' dogs patrolled the baggage halls of busy airports.（whose 引導之非限定性關係子句，主詞為 dogs。）

The dogs had been trained for months to associate a faint chemical signature with a food reward.（which 引導之插入關係子句，過去完成被動，associate A with B。）

The animals were being misled by cues.（realized that 後之名詞子句主幹，過去進行被動。）

The animals' noses are a sense.（whose 引導之非限定性關係子句，a sense 為 noses 之同位語。）

The sense can detect vapors at concentrations far below any instrument's threshold.（that 作關係子句之主詞，far 修飾 below。）

Veterinary scientists have repeatedly shown this.（as 引導之插入子句，as 代替後面整個內容。）

The handlers themselves unwittingly gave the cues.（that 引導之限定性關係子句，that 作 gave 之受詞。）

No one present knew something.（in which 引導之關係子句，present 為後置形容詞。）

The sample was hidden somewhere.（where 引導之名詞子句，作 knew 之受詞，為被動語態。）

● 文法解析

Not until 倒裝（Not until + 子句 + 助動詞 + 主詞 + 原形動詞）：

Not until 引導的子句置於句首時，主句須倒裝為 did the programs begin。本句 Not until 子句極長，內含 handlers 與 realized 兩個動作，真正的主句 did the programs begin 要到最後才出現，讀者須全程記住句首的否定詞仍在等待倒裝主句。

雙重 whose 插入（handlers, whose dogs, which ..., patrolled ..., realized）：

主詞 handlers 與動詞 realized 之間，插入 whose dogs 子句，其中主詞 dogs 與動詞 patrolled 之間又插入 which 子句，形成插入中的插入。which 子句為過去完成被動，train ... to associate A with B 為「訓練……將 A 與 B 連結」。

同位語與 as 插入（whose noses, a sense that, as ..., can detect ...）：

realized that 之後的名詞子句內，主詞 animals 被 whose noses 子句修飾，a sense 為 noses 之同位語，that 為關係代名詞，作 can detect 之主詞，as 子句插在 that 與 can 之間。whose noses 子句的動詞要到 were being misled 才出現，中間隔著整個同位語結構。

限定性關係子句（cues that the handlers themselves unwittingly gave）：

that 作 gave 之受詞，省略後置，themselves 為強調用反身代名詞，unwittingly 修飾 gave。被動進行式 were being misled 表示當時正在發生之狀態。

末端 in which 與名詞子句（blind trials in which no one present knew where ...）：

in which 為介系詞加關係代名詞，在 which 子句中作地點或情境副詞。knew 後接 where 引導之名詞子句，where 子句內為被動語態 was hidden，主詞為 the sample。

● 參考譯文

直到訓練員（其犬隻經過數月訓練，已學會將微弱的化學氣味與食物獎勵連結，並在繁忙機場的行李大廳巡邏）意識到，這些動物（其鼻子，即一種如獸醫學者屢次證明，能偵測遠低於任何儀器門檻濃度之蒸氣的感官）正被訓練員自己無意間給出的暗示誤導，各項計畫才開始採用盲測，也就是在場無人知道樣本藏於何處的測試。

● 補充說明

句型亮點與文法變化：

Not until 倒裝： 前幾篇已用過 Seldom、Little、Only after、So ... that、Although、Not only 等結構，本篇改用 Not until 引導長子句，再接 did the programs begin 倒裝，主句動詞原形直到句末才出現。

不使用分號： 全句僅以 whose、which、that、as、in which、where 等連接詞與關係詞層層推進，單一主幹（did the programs begin to adopt）貫穿到底（中譯為求順暢，才加入括號與逗號）。

多重插入： handlers 與 realized 之間、dogs 與 patrolled 之間、noses 與 were misled 之間、that 與 can detect 之間，共有四處插入，其中前兩處為插入中的插入。

兩層 whose 並用： 同句出現 whose dogs 與 whose noses，分別修飾 handlers 與 animals，容易混淆各自對應的動詞。

核心學術字彙與文法重點總結：

關鍵字詞： Handler（訓練員）、Signature（特徵）、Associate A with B（將 A 與 B 連結）、Patrol（巡邏）、Threshold（門檻）、Unwittingly（無意間）、Mislead（誤導）、Blind trial（盲測）、Concentration（濃度）。

文法重點： Not until 倒裝、雙重 whose 插入、同位語、as 準關係代名詞、in which 關係子句、被動進行式、where 名詞子句。

一點小提醒： 研究確實指出，訓練員的無意識暗示可能影響犬隻的警示行為，但各國機場的訓練與測試制度不一，例句為文法示範之概括。例句實際約 90 個英文單字。參考譯文為求順暢，已調整部分分句順序。

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