業報 karmic retribution 輪迴轉世 reincarnation

業報 karmic retribution（77 字）

In discussions of Buddhist ethics, karmic retribution tracing present experiences to intentional actions and holding individuals responsible for the consequences of their deeds is a cause-and-effect principle that is taught by monastic traditions, which are either respected for encouraging moral restraint or criticized by skeptics who are convinced that blaming past deeds for suffering faults victims, thereby guiding followers toward compassion by stressing personal responsibility and nurturing values that have long shaped daily life across Asian societies.

1. 結構破解

In discussions of Buddhist ethics,

karmic retribution

tracing present experiences to intentional actions

and holding individuals responsible for the consequences of their deeds

is a cause-and-effect principle

that is taught by monastic traditions,

which are either respected for encouraging moral restraint

or criticized by skeptics

who are convinced that blaming past deeds for suffering faults victims,

thereby guiding followers toward compassion

by stressing personal responsibility

and nurturing values

that have long shaped daily life

across Asian societies.

2. 分解為短句

In discussions of Buddhist ethics, karmic retribution is a cause-and-effect principle.（主句骨架）

Karmic retribution traces present experiences to intentional actions and holds individuals responsible for the consequences of their deeds.

The principle is taught by monastic traditions.

The traditions are either respected for encouraging moral restraint or criticized by skeptics.

The skeptics are convinced that blaming past deeds for suffering faults victims.

This guides followers toward compassion by stressing personal responsibility and nurtures values across Asian societies.

The values have long shaped daily life.

3. 參考譯文

在佛教倫理的討論中，將當下經驗追溯至有意的行為、並要求個人對其行為後果負責的業報，是由僧團傳統所教導的因果原則；這些傳統若非因鼓勵道德自制而受尊敬，就是受到深信將苦難歸咎於過去行為是在責怪受害者的懷疑論者所批評，從而藉由強調個人責任引導信徒走向慈悲，並培養長期形塑日常生活的價值觀，這種情形遍及亞洲社會。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

tracing / holding：現在分詞片語，取代 which traces... and holds...

時態：描述教義的一般特性，用現在式；have long shaped 為現在完成式，強調影響持續至今

karma：「業」；retribution：「報應、果報」；karmic：「業的」

intentional：「有意的」；consequence：「後果」；deed：「行為」

monastic：「僧團的、寺院的」；restraint：「自制」；skeptic：「懷疑論者」

blame A for B：把 B 歸咎於 A；fault：「責怪」；victim：「受害者」

此句的 which are 指代 traditions；skeptics 後接 who；values 後接 that have

舉例：

「種瓜得瓜、種豆得豆」：行善得善報，作惡得惡報

「善有善報，惡有惡報」：民間常見的因果觀

佛教強調「業」重在動機（意業），而非只看結果

輪迴轉世 reincarnation（83 字）

In debates over life after death, reincarnation cycling beings through countless existences according to their karma and ending only when liberation is attained is a continuity-based doctrine that is upheld by Buddhist schools, which are either admired for offering meaning in the face of mortality or challenged by scientists who are doubtful that consciousness survives the body, thereby easing fear of death by presenting life as one stage in a longer journey and inspiring practices that have long guided funerals across Asian cultures.

1. 結構破解

In debates over life after death,

reincarnation

cycling beings through countless existences according to their karma

and ending only when liberation is attained

is a continuity-based doctrine

that is upheld by Buddhist schools,

which are either admired for offering meaning in the face of mortality

or challenged by scientists

who are doubtful that consciousness survives the body,

thereby easing fear of death

by presenting life as one stage in a longer journey

and inspiring practices

that have long guided funerals

across Asian cultures.

2. 分解為短句

In debates over life after death, reincarnation is a continuity-based doctrine.（主句骨架）

Reincarnation cycles beings through countless existences according to their karma and ends only when liberation is attained.

The doctrine is upheld by Buddhist schools.

The schools are either admired for offering meaning in the face of mortality or challenged by scientists.

The scientists are doubtful that consciousness survives the body.

This eases fear of death by presenting life as one stage in a longer journey and inspires practices across Asian cultures.

The practices have long guided funerals.

3. 參考譯文

在關於死後生命的辯論中，使眾生依其業力在無數存在中流轉、直到證得解脫才終止的輪迴轉世，是由佛教各宗派所堅持的以延續為基礎的教義；這些宗派若非因在面對死亡時提供意義而受推崇，就是受到懷疑意識能在身體之後存續的科學家所質疑，從而藉由把生命呈現為更長旅程中的一個階段來緩解對死亡的恐懼，並激發長期引導喪葬儀式的修行實踐，這種情形遍及亞洲文化。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

cycling / ending：現在分詞片語，取代 which cycles... and ends...

時態：描述教義，用現在式；have long guided 為現在完成式，強調影響持續至今

reincarnation：「輪迴轉世」（一般通用、最廣為人知的說法；佛教學界有時改用 rebirth，因佛教不主張有不變的靈魂，但 reincarnation 在多數文章中皆可接受）

existence：「生命存在」；liberation：「解脫」；attain：「證得、達到」

continuity-based：「以延續為基礎的」；doctrine：「教義」；uphold：「堅持、維護」

mortality：「必死性」；consciousness：「意識」；funeral：「喪禮」

in the face of：面對；according to：依照；A as B：把 A 呈現為 B

此句的 which are 指代 schools；scientists 後接 who；practices 後接 that have

舉例：

六道輪迴：天、人、阿修羅、畜生、餓鬼、地獄，依業力投生

藏傳佛教的轉世活佛制度：高僧圓寂後尋訪轉世靈童

超渡法會與四十九日做七：相信亡者在中陰階段等待投生

兩詞的差別：業報（karmic retribution）講的是「因果法則」，行為（因）會產生相應的結果（果）；輪迴轉世（reincarnation）講的是「生命流轉」，業力是推動生命在六道中不斷投生的動力。前者是「種什麼因，得什麼果」，後者是「果報延續到下一世，直到解脫為止」。