大乘佛教（大眾部、北傳佛教）Mahayana 小乘佛教（上座部、南傳佛教）Theravada 金剛乘（藏傳佛教）Vajrayana

大乘佛教（大眾部、北傳佛教）Mahayana（91 字）

In discussions of Buddhist diversity, Mahayana, the Northern transmission, placing the bodhisattva ideal above personal liberation and teaching that emptiness underlies every phenomenon is a compassion-based vehicle that is carried by monastic and lay communities, which are either admired for opening the path of awakening to ordinary people or criticized by traditionalists who are convinced that later sutras departed from the Buddha's original words, thereby inspiring followers to serve others by joining wisdom with compassion and shaping devotional and philosophical schools that have long flourished across China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

1. 結構破解

In discussions of Buddhist diversity,

Mahayana,

the Northern transmission,

placing the bodhisattva ideal above personal liberation

and teaching that emptiness underlies every phenomenon

is a compassion-based vehicle

that is carried by monastic and lay communities,

which are either admired for opening the path of awakening to ordinary people

or criticized by traditionalists

who are convinced that later sutras departed from the Buddha's original words,

thereby inspiring followers to serve others

by joining wisdom with compassion

and shaping devotional and philosophical schools

that have long flourished

across China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

2. 分解為短句

In discussions of Buddhist diversity, Mahayana is a compassion-based vehicle.（主句骨架）

Mahayana, the Northern transmission, places the bodhisattva ideal above personal liberation and teaches that emptiness underlies every phenomenon.

The vehicle is carried by monastic and lay communities.

The communities are either admired for opening the path of awakening to ordinary people or criticized by traditionalists.

The traditionalists are convinced that later sutras departed from the Buddha's original words.

This inspires followers to serve others by joining wisdom with compassion and shapes devotional and philosophical schools across China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

The schools have long flourished.

3. 參考譯文

在佛教多元性的討論中，作為北傳佛教、將菩薩理想置於個人解脫之上並主張空性貫穿一切現象的大乘，是由出家與在家社群所承載的以慈悲為基礎的乘；這些社群若非因向一般人敞開覺悟之道而受推崇，就是受到深信後出經典偏離佛陀原話的傳統主義者所批評，從而藉由結合智慧與慈悲來激勵信徒利他，並形塑長期興盛於中國、韓國、日本與越南的信仰型與哲學型宗派。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

placing / teaching：現在分詞片語，取代 which places... and teaches...

時態：描述傳統的一般特性，用現在式；have long flourished 為現在完成式，強調興盛持續至今

Mahayana：「大乘」（意為「大的交通工具」）；bodhisattva：「菩薩」；emptiness：「空性」

transmission：「傳承、傳播」；Northern transmission：「北傳佛教」；vehicle：「乘」

compassion：「慈悲」；wisdom：「智慧」；traditionalist：「傳統主義者」

sutra：「經」；depart from：「偏離」；devotional：「信仰的、虔敬的」

此句的 which are 指代 communities；traditionalists 後接 who；schools 後接 that have

關於「大眾部」：Mahasanghika 是部派佛教時期的僧團部派，不等於大乘；部分學者認為大乘思想的興起受其影響，但此說仍有爭議，故句中以「北傳」為主要標記

舉例：

菩薩道：「上求佛道，下化眾生」，發願度盡一切眾生

《心經》《金剛經》《法華經》：大乘代表經典

漢傳佛教：禪宗、淨土宗、天台宗等皆屬大乘

小乘佛教（上座部、南傳佛教）Theravada（102 字）

In debates over early Buddhist orthodoxy, Theravada, the Southern transmission, preserving the Pali Canon as the Buddha's authentic teaching and guiding monastics toward arhatship through ethical discipline, meditation, and insight is a conservatism-based tradition that is maintained by forest and village monasteries, which are either respected for keeping the original discipline intact or questioned by Mahayana advocates who are convinced that its emphasis on individual liberation neglects the wider obligation to rescue others, thereby sustaining a stable path of practice by honoring continuity with the earliest community and supporting rituals that have long structured daily life across Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar.

1. 結構破解

In debates over early Buddhist orthodoxy,

Theravada,

the Southern transmission,

preserving the Pali Canon as the Buddha's authentic teaching

and guiding monastics toward arhatship through ethical discipline, meditation, and insight

is a conservatism-based tradition

that is maintained by forest and village monasteries,

which are either respected for keeping the original discipline intact

or questioned by Mahayana advocates

who are convinced that its emphasis on individual liberation neglects the wider obligation to rescue others,

thereby sustaining a stable path of practice

by honoring continuity with the earliest community

and supporting rituals

that have long structured daily life

across Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar.

2. 分解為短句

In debates over early Buddhist orthodoxy, Theravada is a conservatism-based tradition.（主句骨架）

Theravada, the Southern transmission, preserves the Pali Canon as the Buddha's authentic teaching and guides monastics toward arhatship through ethical discipline, meditation, and insight.

The tradition is maintained by forest and village monasteries.

The monasteries are either respected for keeping the original discipline intact or questioned by Mahayana advocates.

The advocates are convinced that its emphasis on individual liberation neglects the wider obligation to rescue others.

This sustains a stable path of practice by honoring continuity with the earliest community and supports rituals across Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar.

The rituals have long structured daily life.

3. 參考譯文

在關於早期佛教正統的辯論中，作為南傳佛教、將巴利聖典保存為佛陀真實教導並引導出家人藉由戒、定、慧邁向阿羅漢果的上座部，是由森林與村落寺院所維繫的以保守為基礎的傳統；這些寺院若非因完整保持原有戒律而受尊敬，就是受到深信其強調個人解脫而忽略救度他人之更廣義務的大乘倡導者所質疑，從而藉由尊重與最早僧團的延續性來維持穩定的修行道路，並支持長期構成斯里蘭卡、泰國與緬甸日常生活架構的儀式。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

preserving / guiding：現在分詞片語，取代 which preserves... and guides...

時態：描述傳統的一般特性，用現在式；have long structured 為現在完成式，強調影響持續至今

Theravada：「上座部」（意為「長老之說」）；Pali Canon：「巴利聖典」；arhatship：「阿羅漢果」

orthodoxy：「正統」；conservatism：「保守性」；authentic：「真實的」

ethical discipline：「戒」；meditation：「定、禪修」；insight：「慧、觀」

forest monastery：「森林寺院」；intact：「完整未損的」；obligation：「義務」

此句的 which are 指代 monasteries；advocates 後接 who；rituals 後接 that have

關於「小乘」：Hinayana 意為「小的交通工具」，是大乘信徒對他派的稱呼，帶有貶抑色彩，現今學界與南傳佛教徒多不使用，一般以「上座部佛教」或 Theravada 稱之，故本文標題以上座部為準

舉例：

泰國僧侶托缽：清晨托缽，信眾供養食物，維持古老傳統

內觀禪修（Vipassana）：源自南傳，強調觀察身心實相

雨安居：僧侶雨季三個月定居修行

金剛乘（藏傳佛教）Vajrayana（94 字）

In discussions of Buddhist methods, Vajrayana, the Tibetan transmission, combining Mahayana compassion with tantric practices such as mantra recitation, mandala visualization, and deity yoga and requiring empowerment from a qualified teacher is a lineage-based path that is guarded by lamas, which are either revered for transmitting profound techniques or criticized by skeptics who are concerned that reliance on gurus and elaborate rituals may encourage blind devotion, thereby guiding practitioners toward rapid awakening by transforming ordinary perception into enlightened awareness and sustaining institutions that have long preserved monastic education across the Himalayan region and Mongolia.

1. 結構破解

In discussions of Buddhist methods,

Vajrayana,

the Tibetan transmission,

combining Mahayana compassion with tantric practices such as mantra recitation, mandala visualization, and deity yoga

and requiring empowerment from a qualified teacher

is a lineage-based path

that is guarded by lamas,

which are either revered for transmitting profound techniques

or criticized by skeptics

who are concerned that reliance on gurus and elaborate rituals may encourage blind devotion,

thereby guiding practitioners toward rapid awakening

by transforming ordinary perception into enlightened awareness

and sustaining institutions

that have long preserved monastic education

across the Himalayan region and Mongolia.

2. 分解為短句

In discussions of Buddhist methods, Vajrayana is a lineage-based path.（主句骨架）

Vajrayana, the Tibetan transmission, combines Mahayana compassion with tantric practices such as mantra recitation, mandala visualization, and deity yoga and requires empowerment from a qualified teacher.

The path is guarded by lamas.

The lamas are either revered for transmitting profound techniques or criticized by skeptics.

The skeptics are concerned that reliance on gurus and elaborate rituals may encourage blind devotion.

This guides practitioners toward rapid awakening by transforming ordinary perception into enlightened awareness and sustains institutions across the Himalayan region and Mongolia.

The institutions have long preserved monastic education.

3. 參考譯文

在佛教修持方法的討論中，作為藏傳佛教、結合大乘慈悲與真言持誦、壇城觀想及本尊瑜伽等密續修持，並要求由合格上師授予灌頂的金剛乘，是由喇嘛所守護的以傳承為基礎的道路；這些喇嘛若非因傳遞深奧技巧而受崇敬，就是受到擔憂依賴上師與繁複儀式可能助長盲目崇拜的懷疑論者所批評，從而藉由將凡俗認知轉化為覺悟的覺知來引導修行者迅速成佛，並維繫長期在喜馬拉雅地區與蒙古保存寺院教育的機構。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

combining / requiring：現在分詞片語，取代 which combines... and requires...

時態：描述傳統的一般特性，用現在式；have long preserved 為現在完成式，強調保存傳統持續至今

Vajrayana：「金剛乘」（vajra 為金剛杵，象徵堅不可摧）；tantric：「密續的」

mantra：「真言」；mandala：「壇城」；deity yoga：「本尊瑜伽」

empowerment：「灌頂」；lineage：「傳承」；lama：「喇嘛、上師」

profound：「深奧的」；guru：「上師」；devotion：「虔信、崇敬」

perception：「認知」；enlightened awareness：「覺悟的覺知」；rapid：「迅速的」

此句的 which are 指代 lamas；skeptics 後接 who；institutions 後接 that have

舉例：

唐卡與壇城沙畫：以藝術輔助觀想修行

轉世活佛制度：達賴喇嘛、班禪喇嘛的傳承

六字大明咒「嗡嘛呢叭咪吽」：藏傳佛教最廣為人知的真言

**三者的差別：**大乘（Mahayana）講的是「普度眾生的菩薩道」，以慈悲與空性為核心，流傳於中國、日本、韓國等地，即北傳佛教；上座部（Theravada）講的是「忠於早期教法的解脫道」，以巴利聖典與阿羅漢果為依歸，流傳於斯里蘭卡、泰國、緬甸等地，即南傳佛教；金剛乘（Vajrayana）講的是「借密續修持速證成佛」，在大乘基礎上加入灌頂、真言與觀想，主要流傳於西藏、蒙古與喜馬拉雅地區。前者是「利他的廣大道」，中者是「保守的原始道」，後者是「快速的密法道」。