國家安全法 national security law

 ●字源

national 來自拉丁文 natio「出生、種族」，源自 nasci「出生」。security 來自拉丁文 securitas「無憂慮」，由 se-（無）+ cura（憂慮、照料）組成，字面意思是「沒有憂慮的狀態」。law 來自古英語 lagu，源自古北歐語 lag「規定、放置之物」。中文「國家安全法」指保護國家免於內外威脅的法律，各國立法名稱與範圍不同，具體以各國法律為準。

譯名：national security law 是泛稱，指一類法律。各國也有以此為名的特定法律，如南韓的《國家保安法》，須看上下文分辨。

●例句（約118 words）

National security law, the body of rules that authorizes a state to defend itself against espionage, subversion, and armed attack and defines the powers its agencies may exercise in doing so, has seldom been easy to reconcile with individual liberty, for the threats it addresses vary as widely as the spies whom foreign governments recruit, the networks that conspirators build in secret, and the violence inflicted on civilians by those who seek to overthrow the order, so that it is largely by asking whether an emergency measure is necessary and proportionate to the danger that courts have decided whether the state has exceeded its authority, a test whose strictest form, requiring that no restriction outlast the emergency that justified it, is among the most contested.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

National security law,

the body of rules

that authorizes a state to defend itself against espionage, subversion, and armed attack

and defines the powers its agencies may exercise in doing so,

has seldom been easy to reconcile with individual liberty,

for the threats it addresses vary

as widely as

the spies whom foreign governments recruit,

the networks that conspirators build in secret,

and the violence inflicted on civilians by those who seek to overthrow the order,

so that it is largely by asking whether an emergency measure is necessary and proportionate to the danger

that courts have decided whether the state has exceeded its authority,

a test whose strictest form,

requiring that no restriction outlast the emergency that justified it,

is among the most contested.

●分解為原初的短小句

National security law has seldom been easy to reconcile with individual liberty.（主結構。主詞與動詞之間隔著長同位語。）

National security law is a body of rules.

The rules authorize a state to defend itself against espionage, subversion, and armed attack.

The rules also define the powers its agencies may exercise in doing so.

The threats it addresses vary widely.

One is the spies whom foreign governments recruit.

Another is the networks that conspirators build in secret.

Another is the violence inflicted on civilians by those who seek to overthrow the order.

Courts have largely asked whether an emergency measure is necessary and proportionate to the danger.

By doing so they have decided whether the state has exceeded its authority.

This is a test.

Its strictest form requires that no restriction outlast the emergency that justified it.

That form is among the most contested.

●文法解析

主句：National security law…has seldom been easy to reconcile with individual liberty。National security law 是不可數的單數名詞，所以用 has。同位語 the body of rules…夾在主詞與 has 之間，內含 that 關係子句，以 and 並列兩個動詞 authorizes 與 defines。authorizes a state to defend itself 是「authorize + 受詞 + 不定詞」，意為「授權國家去防衛自己」。the powers its agencies may exercise in doing so 中，關係代名詞 that 省略，in doing so 意為「在這樣做的時候」，so 代替 defending itself。easy to reconcile 的 reconcile 受詞就是主詞 national security law，with individual liberty 是 reconcile 的搭配（調和……與……）。

for the threats it addresses vary…：for 是對等連接詞，意為「因為」。the threats it addresses 中，關係代名詞 that 省略，主詞是 threats，動詞是 vary。as widely as 後列舉三個名詞：the spies（後接 whom 關係子句，whom 是 recruit 的受詞）、the networks（後接 that 關係子句）、the violence（後接過去分詞 inflicted）。inflicted 是後置修飾，不是動詞。by those who seek 是被動語意中的施事者，those who 意為「那些……的人」。

so that it is…that…：so that 引導結果子句，內為強調句型 it is…that…，被強調的是 largely by asking…。還原為 courts have largely decided…by asking…。asking 後的 whether an emergency measure is necessary and proportionate…是名詞子句，以 and 並列兩個形容詞。decided 後的 whether the state has exceeded its authority 是另一個名詞子句。

a test whose strictest form…is among the most contested：a test 是同位語，指前面「判斷國家是否越權」這件事。whose 引導關係子句，主詞是 form，動詞是最後的 is。中間 requiring that no restriction outlast the emergency that justified it 是現在分詞片語，修飾 form；that 子句用假設語氣動詞原形 outlast；that justified it 是修飾 emergency 的關係子句。among the most contested 後面省略名詞，等於 among the most contested tests。

●參考譯文

國家安全法是授權國家防衛自己以抵禦間諜活動、顛覆與武裝攻擊，並界定其機關在此過程中可行使何種權力的一套規則。它向來不易與個人自由調和，因為它所處理的威脅形形色色：有外國政府招募的間諜，有陰謀者暗中建立的網絡，也有圖謀推翻秩序者對平民施加的暴力。法院大體是藉著追問「緊急措施對於危險是否必要且相稱」，才判斷國家是否逾越其權限。這項檢驗最嚴格的形式，要求任何限制都不得比其所由而起的緊急狀態更長久，是最具爭議的之一。

●補充說明

句中用 seldom，不說 never，因為並非所有人都認為兩者難以調和。用 largely 是因為法院判斷的方式不只一種，除必要性與比例原則外，還有是否有明確法律依據、是否受司法審查等標準。三個威脅（間諜、陰謀網絡、暴力）是舉例而非窮盡，還有恐怖主義、網路攻擊等。

「限制不得比緊急狀態更長久」近似日落條款（sunset clause）與國際人權法中緊急措施須具暫時性的要求，是較嚴格的形式，各國做法不一，且爭議大，故用 among the most contested，不說 the most。

文法重點：長同位語夾在主詞與 has 之間、and 並列兩個動詞、authorize + 受詞 + 不定詞、省略關係代名詞、for 對等連接詞、as…as 帶三個名詞與後置過去分詞、so that 帶強調句型、兩個 whether 名詞子句、同位語 a test whose…、現在分詞片語與假設語氣。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列13個短句組合回原來的長句：