國族主義 / 民族主義 Nationalism

國族主義 / 民族主義 Nationalism

​● 字源

​Nationalism 是一個由拉丁文與希臘文字根組合而成的政治學與社會學術語。字根 nation- 來自拉丁文 natio(出生、族群、同胞,源自 nasci「出生」);字尾 -ism 來自希臘文 -ismos(表示「思想、學說、主義」)。同源詞有 national(國家的、國民的)、nationality(國籍、民族性)、international(國際的)。

​這個詞組在政治學與歷史學中,指「主張民族/國族應為政治忠誠與國家集體認同的核心,並追求或捍衛國族的自主、主權與文化獨特性的思潮與政治運動」。其既可以是推動近代民族國家(Nation-State)建立與獨立解放的凝聚力量,也可能演變為排他性或侵略性的極端排外思潮。

​中文譯為「國族主義」、「民族主義」、「國家民族思潮」或「國族認同政治」。

​● 例句(80字長句)

​Nationalism, which political scientists study by examining the identity that shared history creates, the sovereignty that sovereign states claim, and the solidarity that cultural heritage fosters, demonstrates not only how collective pride unifies diverse populations but also why border security heightens across countries that face external threats, so that patriotic movements mobilize strong domestic support, while globalist scholars, who argue that rigid borders impede international cooperation, contend that transnational networks should cultivate cosmopolitan ideals.

​● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

​Nationalism,

​which political scientists study

​by examining

​the identity that shared history creates,

​the sovereignty that sovereign states claim,

​and the solidarity that cultural heritage fosters,

​demonstrates

​not only how collective pride unifies diverse populations

​but also why border security heightens

​across countries

​that face external threats,

​so that patriotic movements mobilize strong domestic support,

​while globalist scholars,

​who argue that rigid borders impede international cooperation,

​contend

​that transnational networks should cultivate cosmopolitan ideals.

​● 分解為原初的短小句

​Nationalism demonstrates something.

(全句主幹:主詞 Nationalism,動詞 demonstrates 加 s;nationalism 在此為不可數抽象名詞。)

​Political scientists study nationalism.

(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 nationalism,在子句中作 study 的受詞。)

​Political scientists examine the identity, the sovereignty, and the solidarity.

(by examining 為介系詞 by 加動名詞,表「透過檢驗/審視……的方式」;三個受詞以 and 並列。)

​Shared history creates the identity.

(第一個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 identity,在子句中作 creates 的受詞;shared history 表「共享的歷史/共同記憶」;create identity 表「塑造認同」。)

​Sovereign states claim the sovereignty.

(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 sovereignty,在子句中作 claim 的受詞;sovereign states 表「主權國家」;claim sovereignty 表「宣示主權」。)

​Cultural heritage fosters the solidarity.

(第三個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 solidarity,在子句中作 fosters 的受詞;cultural heritage 表「文化遺產/傳統」;foster solidarity 表「培育凝聚力/團結感」。)

​Collective pride unifies diverse populations somehow.

(not only how collective pride unifies diverse populations 為 demonstrates 的第一個受詞/補語結構;how 引導名詞子句;collective pride 表「集體自豪感」;unify diverse populations 表「凝聚多元族群/人口」。)

​Border security heightens for some reasons.

(but also why border security heightens 為 demonstrates 所引導的第二個受詞/補語結構;why 引導名詞子句;border security 表「邊境安全/國防安全」;heighten 表「升級/強化」。)

​Border security heightens across countries.

(across 表「橫跨、在……之中」;countries 表「國家」。)

​Countries face external threats.

(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 countries,在子句中作主詞;face external threats 表「面臨外部威脅」。)

​Patriotic movements mobilize strong domestic support.

(so that 引導結果子句;patriotic movements 表「愛國主義運動」;mobilize strong domestic support 表「動員強大的國內支持」。)

​Globalist scholars argue something.

(while 引導對比或讓步子句;globalist scholars 表「全球主義/世界主義學者」;argue 表「主張」。)

​Rigid borders impede international cooperation.

(that 為連接詞,引導 argue 的受詞子句;rigid borders 表「僵硬的國界」;impede international cooperation 表「阻礙國際合作」。)

​Globalist scholars contend something.

(contend that ... 的 that 子句為 contend 的內容;contend 表「主張、爭辯」。)

​Transnational networks should cultivate cosmopolitan ideals.

(that 為連接詞,引導 contend 的受詞子句;transnational networks 表「跨國網絡」;cultivate cosmopolitan ideals 表「涵養世界主義理念/四海一家理想」。)

​● 文法解析

​1. 非限定 which 子句與三個限定 that 子句(平行結構)

​Nationalism, which political scientists study by examining the identity that shared history creates, the sovereignty that sovereign states claim, and the solidarity that cultural heritage fosters, demonstrates ...

​先以非限定 which 子句說明政治學家研究「民族主義」的方法,再回到主要動詞 demonstrates(展現、證明)。子句中的三個 that 都是限定關係代名詞,分別修飾 identity、sovereignty 與 solidarity,且都在各自的子句中作動詞受詞:

​shared history creates the identity

​sovereign states claim the sovereignty

​cultural heritage fosters the solidarity

​因此每個 that 後面都直接接主詞,動詞後切勿重複加上受詞代名詞。

​2. not only ... but also ... 與名詞子句

​demonstrates not only how collective pride unifies diverse populations but also why border security heightens ...

​句型使用 not only A but also B(不只 A,更是 B)的平行對稱結構:

​第一個是由 how 引導的名詞子句 how collective pride unifies diverse populations

​第二個是由 why 引導的名詞子句 why border security heightens ...

接著搭配限定關係代名詞子句 that face external threats(修飾 countries)來補充說明面臨外患的國際情勢。

​3. so that 結果子句與政治學核心術語

​so that patriotic movements mobilize strong domestic support ...

​so that 表示結果:因為集體自豪感凝聚人心且國防安全強化,使得愛國主義運動得以動員廣大的國內支持。collective pride(集體自豪感)與 patriotic movements(愛國主義運動)皆為政治學論述民族主義的核心術語。

​4. while 對比子句、who 限定子句與雙重 that 名詞子句

​while globalist scholars, who argue that rigid borders impede international cooperation, contend that transnational networks should cultivate cosmopolitan ideals.

​while 引出轉折對比:雖然民族主義能維護主權與凝聚內部,但全球主義學者則警惕僵硬的邊界會妨礙全球合作,並堅持應透過跨國網絡來提倡世界主義理想。who argue that ... 是修飾 globalist scholars 的關係子句。第一個 that 是連接詞(引導 argue 的內容);第二個 that 亦為連接詞(引導 contend 的內容)。

​● 參考翻譯

​國族主義/民族主義(政治學家透過檢驗共同歷史所塑造的認同、主權國家所宣示的主權,以及文化遺產所培育的凝聚力來進行剖析)所展現的,不只是集體自豪感如何凝聚多元族群,更是邊境安全為何會在面臨外部威脅的國家中持續升級,使得愛國主義運動得以動員強大的國內支持;然而,全球主義學者(主張僵硬的國界會阻礙國際合作)堅持主張,跨國網絡應該涵養世界主義的理想。

​● 逆向工程

​請嘗試不看長句原文,僅根據以下分解短句與提示,還原出 80 字的完整長句:

​Nationalism demonstrates something.

​Political scientists study nationalism.

​Political scientists examine the identity, the sovereignty, and the solidarity.

​Shared history creates the identity.

​Sovereign states claim the sovereignty.

​Cultural heritage fosters the solidarity.

​Collective pride unifies diverse populations somehow.

​Border security heightens for some reasons.

​Border security heightens across countries.

​Countries face external threats.

​Patriotic movements mobilize strong domestic support.

​Globalist scholars argue something.

​Rigid borders impede international cooperation.

​Globalist scholars contend something.

​Transnational networks should cultivate cosmopolitan ideals.

​組合順序提示:

​用 which political scientists study by examining ... 將第 2、3 句變成修飾 nationalism 的非限定子句。

​用三個限定 that 子句,將第 4、5、6 句分別接在 identity、sovereignty、solidarity 之後。

​用 demonstrates not only how collective pride ... but also why border security ... 將第 7、8、9 句連成長句主幹。

​用 that face external threats 把第 10 句接在 countries 之後。

​用 so that patriotic movements mobilize ... 把第 11 句變成結果子句。

​最後用 while globalist scholars, who argue that ..., contend that ... 把第 12 至 15 句變成對比子句。

​對照完整句子:

​Nationalism, which political scientists study by examining the identity that shared history creates, the sovereignty that sovereign states claim, and the solidarity that cultural heritage fosters, demonstrates not only how collective pride unifies diverse populations but also why border security heightens across countries that face external threats, so that patriotic movements mobilize strong domestic support, while globalist scholars, who argue that rigid borders impede international cooperation, contend that transnational networks should cultivate cosmopolitan ideals.

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