涅槃 nirvana 佛教的緣起 dependent origination

佛教的涅槃 nirvana（78 字）

In discussions of Buddhist liberation, nirvana extinguishing greed, hatred, and delusion and releasing beings from the cycle of rebirth is a cessation-based goal that is pursued by monastic communities, which are either revered for renouncing worldly attachments or questioned by critics who are doubtful that such a state can be described in ordinary language, thereby inspiring followers to practice with patience by promising lasting peace and shaping teachings that have long defined the final aim across Asian societies.

1. 結構破解

In discussions of Buddhist liberation,

nirvana

extinguishing greed, hatred, and delusion

and releasing beings from the cycle of rebirth

is a cessation-based goal

that is pursued by monastic communities,

which are either revered for renouncing worldly attachments

or questioned by critics

who are doubtful that such a state can be described in ordinary language,

thereby inspiring followers to practice with patience

by promising lasting peace

and shaping teachings

that have long defined the final aim

across Asian societies.

2. 分解為短句

In discussions of Buddhist liberation, nirvana is a cessation-based goal.（主句骨架）

Nirvana extinguishes greed, hatred, and delusion and releases beings from the cycle of rebirth.

The goal is pursued by monastic communities.

The communities are either revered for renouncing worldly attachments or questioned by critics.

The critics are doubtful that such a state can be described in ordinary language.

This inspires followers to practice with patience by promising lasting peace and shapes teachings across Asian societies.

The teachings have long defined the final aim.

3. 參考譯文

在佛教解脫的討論中，熄滅貪、瞋、癡並使眾生脫離輪迴的涅槃，是由僧團所追求的以寂滅為基礎的目標；這些僧團若非因捨離世俗執著而受尊崇，就是受到懷疑此種境界能否用日常語言描述的批評者所質疑，從而藉由承諾恆久的平靜來激勵信徒耐心修行，並形塑長期界定最終目標的教導，這種情形遍及亞洲社會。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

extinguishing / releasing：現在分詞片語，取代 which extinguishes... and releases...

時態：描述教義的一般特性，用現在式；have long defined 為現在完成式，強調界定作用持續至今

nirvana：「涅槃」（梵文原意為「吹熄」，如火焰熄滅）；liberation：「解脫」

extinguish：「熄滅」；greed：「貪」；hatred：「瞋」；delusion：「癡」（合稱三毒）

cessation：「寂滅、止息」；renounce：「捨離」；attachment：「執著」

the cycle of rebirth：「輪迴」；ordinary language：「日常語言」；lasting：「持久的」

此句的 which are 指代 communities；critics 後接 who；teachings 後接 that have

舉例：

三毒的熄滅：貪、瞋、癡之火止息，內心得清涼自在

有餘涅槃與無餘涅槃：前者指在世已證悟，後者指命終後不再受生

佛陀入滅：佛陀圓寂常被稱為「般涅槃」（parinirvana）

佛教的緣起 dependent origination（82 字）

In debates over the nature of existence, dependent origination explaining how all phenomena arise through interlocking causes and conditions and denying that anything exists independently is a relation-based principle that is expounded by Buddhist philosophers, which are either admired for revealing the interconnectedness of life or challenged by critics who are concerned that this view may undermine the notion of a stable self, thereby encouraging followers to loosen rigid attachments by showing that all things depend on one another and informing doctrines that have long guided reflection across Asian traditions.

1. 結構破解

In debates over the nature of existence,

dependent origination

explaining how all phenomena arise through interlocking causes and conditions

and denying that anything exists independently

is a relation-based principle

that is expounded by Buddhist philosophers,

which are either admired for revealing the interconnectedness of life

or challenged by critics

who are concerned that this view may undermine the notion of a stable self,

thereby encouraging followers to loosen rigid attachments

by showing that all things depend on one another

and informing doctrines

that have long guided reflection

across Asian traditions.

2. 分解為短句

In debates over the nature of existence, dependent origination is a relation-based principle.（主句骨架）

Dependent origination explains how all phenomena arise through interlocking causes and conditions and denies that anything exists independently.

The principle is expounded by Buddhist philosophers.

The philosophers are either admired for revealing the interconnectedness of life or challenged by critics.

The critics are concerned that this view may undermine the notion of a stable self.

This encourages followers to loosen rigid attachments by showing that all things depend on one another and informs doctrines across Asian traditions.

The doctrines have long guided reflection.

3. 參考譯文

在關於存在本質的辯論中，闡明一切現象如何藉由環環相扣的因與緣而生起、並否認任何事物能獨立存在的緣起，是由佛教哲學家所闡述的以關係為基礎的原則；這些哲學家若非因揭示生命的相互關聯而受推崇，就是受到擔憂此觀點可能動搖穩定自我之概念的批評者所質疑，從而藉由顯示萬物彼此依存來鼓勵信徒放鬆僵化的執著，並影響長期引導反思的教義，這種情形遍及亞洲各傳統。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

explaining / denying：現在分詞片語，取代 which explains... and denies...

時態：描述原則的一般特性，用現在式；have long guided 為現在完成式，強調指引作用持續至今

dependent origination：「緣起」（亦譯 dependent arising）；phenomenon：「現象」（複數為 phenomena）

interlocking：「環環相扣的」；cause：「因」；condition：「緣」

relation-based：「以關係為基礎的」；expound：「闡述」；interconnectedness：「相互關聯性」

undermine：「動搖、削弱」；notion：「概念」；stable self：「恆常不變的自我」

arise：「生起」；depend on：「依存於」；inform：「影響、為……提供依據」

此句的 which are 指代 philosophers；critics 後接 who；doctrines 後接 that have

舉例：

「此有故彼有，此生故彼生」：緣起的經典公式，說明事物彼此依存

十二因緣：從無明、行、識，一路到生、老死的因果鏈

一張紙的比喻：紙中有雲、有陽光、有伐木工人，顯示一物依賴萬物

兩詞的差別：涅槃（nirvana）講的是「修行的終點」，貪瞋癡熄滅後，不再受生死輪迴所困，是解脫的境界；緣起（dependent origination）講的是「世界的運作法則」，一切事物皆因緣和合而生，沒有獨立不變的實體。前者是「熄滅苦的結果」，後者是「理解苦如何生起的道理」。

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