人生觀 Outlook on life

人生觀 Outlook on life

●字源（中文說明，不併入長句）

outlook = out + look，英文片語 outlook on life 即「人生觀」。

out（古英語 ūt）：向外。look（古英語 lōcian）：看。

outlook 原指「瞭望處、望樓」，也就是向外看的地方，後來轉為比喻義「看待事物的心態、眼界」，再有「前景」之意。具體年代以辭典為準。

字面意思是「對人生向外觀望的立足點」。同義的英文說法還有 view of life、philosophy of life，德文則有 Lebensanschauung（Leben「生命」+ Anschauung「觀看」）。

中文「人生」指人的一生，「觀」是看法。一般認為「人生觀」是近代由日文「人生観」傳入的詞。1923年中國的「科學與人生觀論戰」是這個詞廣為流行的重要場合，具體傳入過程以專書為準。

譯名：「人生觀」最常用。「世界觀」範圍較廣，含對宇宙與實在的看法；「價值觀」偏重判斷好壞的標準；「人生觀」偏重人生的目的與活法。

●例句（94 words）

Outlook on life, the term for the settled attitude with which a person faces the question of what living is for, has never been easy to pin down, for such attitudes take forms as various as a proverb handed down by grandparents, a vow made before an altar, and a doctrine argued in lecture halls, so that it was largely by sorting these forms that thinkers built the rival accounts of what makes a life good, of which Aristotle's, according to which human flourishing lies in activity guided by virtue, is among the oldest.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Outlook on life,

the term for the settled attitude

with which a person faces the question of what living is for,

has never been easy to pin down,

for such attitudes take forms

as various as

a proverb handed down by grandparents,

a vow made before an altar,

and a doctrine argued in lecture halls,

so that it was largely by sorting these forms

that thinkers built the rival accounts of what makes a life good,

of which Aristotle's,

according to which human flourishing lies in activity

guided by virtue,

is among the oldest.

●分解為原初的短小句

Outlook on life has never been easy to pin down.（主結構，10字。主詞與動詞之間隔一個長同位語，has been 要等到 what living is for 之後才出現。後半難點在 of which Aristotle's…is among the oldest：要跳過 according to which 子句才看到動詞 is。）

Outlook on life is the term for a settled attitude.

A person faces the question of what living is for with it.

Such attitudes take various forms.

One form is a proverb handed down by grandparents.

Another is a vow made before an altar.

Another is a doctrine argued in lecture halls.

Thinkers sorted these forms.

They largely built the rival accounts of what makes a life good in this way.

Aristotle's account is among the oldest of these.

According to it, human flourishing lies in activity.

Virtue guides the activity.

●文法解析

主句：Outlook on life…has never been easy to pin down。同位語 the term for the settled attitude…夾在主詞與動詞之間。with which a person faces the question…是介係詞 + 關係代名詞，修飾 attitude，等於 a person faces the question with the attitude。of what living is for 中，what living is for 是名詞子句，當 of 的受詞，for 的受詞 what 被提到子句前面，這是介係詞後置。easy to pin down 是「形容詞 + 不定詞」，pin down 是片語動詞（確切界定），受詞就是主詞 outlook on life。

for such attitudes take forms…：for 是對等連接詞，意為「因為」，前有逗號，只能放在子句前。

forms as various as a proverb handed down…, a vow made…, and a doctrine argued…：as various as 是同等比較，列舉三個名詞，各接一個過去分詞片語（handed down、made、argued），是後置修飾，等於 which is handed down 等。三個片語並列，容易讀錯成動詞。

so that it was largely by sorting these forms that thinkers built…：so that 引導結果子句，內為強調句型 it was…that…，被強調的是 largely by sorting these forms。還原為 thinkers largely built the rival accounts by sorting these forms。

the rival accounts of what makes a life good：what makes a life good 是名詞子句，當 of 的受詞，what 是子句的主詞，意為「使人生美好的事物」。make A B 是「使 A 成為 B」。

of which Aristotle's, according to which human flourishing lies in activity guided by virtue, is among the oldest：of which 指 the rival accounts。Aristotle's 是省略名詞的所有格代名詞（= Aristotle's account）。according to which 插在主詞與動詞 is 之間，先找 Aristotle's，再找 is。among the oldest 後面也省略名詞，等於 among the oldest accounts。activity guided by virtue 中，guided by virtue 是過去分詞片語，後置修飾 activity。lie in 意為「在於」。

●參考譯文

人生觀是指一個人藉以面對「活著是為了什麼」這個問題的穩定態度。它向來難以確切界定，因為這類態度的形式五花八門：有祖父母代代相傳的諺語，有在祭壇前立下的誓言，也有在講堂裡辯論的學說。思想家大體是藉著整理這些形式，才建立起彼此競爭的、關於「什麼使人生美好」的說法，其中亞里斯多德的說法是最古老的之一，依該說，人的興盛在於由德性引導的活動。

●補充說明

亞里斯多德在《尼各馬可倫理學》中主張，人的最高善是 eudaimonia，常譯為「幸福」或「興盛」（flourishing），指依照德性而展開的靈魂活動。句中用 human flourishing 而不用 happiness，是因為後者在現代英文中容易被讀成「愉快的心情」。

其他說法如伊比鳩魯學派（以平靜為善）、斯多噶學派（順應自然與理性）、佛教（離苦）、儒家（成德與盡倫）各有不同進路，所以句中說 among the oldest，不說 the oldest，也不暗示這是唯一的答案。

「思想家大體是藉整理各種形式才建立理論」是概括說法，並非所有理論都是這樣來的，所以句中用 largely。

「諺語、誓言、學說」三個例子各代表民間傳承、宗教承諾、學術論辯三種來源，是舉例，並不窮盡所有人生觀的形式。

「人生觀」與「世界觀」的關係在不同學者那裡有不同講法，有人視人生觀為世界觀的一部分，有人視兩者為並列，句中未涉及，以免過長。

字源中「人生觀」傳入中文的過程，可作延伸閱讀，具體年代與用法以辭典及專書為準。

這一句的文法重點：長同位語夾在主詞與動詞之間、介係詞 + 關係代名詞 with which、介係詞後置的 what living is for、for 對等連接詞、as various as 帶三個後置過去分詞、so that 帶 it was…that 強調句型、what makes a life good 名詞子句、省略名詞的所有格代名詞 Aristotle's、according to which 插入。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列12個短句組合回原來的長句：

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