養羊業 Oviculture

養羊業 Oviculture

● 字源

Oviculture（養羊業）由拉丁文 ovis（「綿羊」）加上 cultura（「耕種、培養」）組成，字面意為「羊的飼養」。此詞同樣是仿 agriculture、apiculture 等詞造出的複合詞，極為罕見，多數詞典未收，一般英語更常說 sheep farming、sheep raising 或 sheep husbandry。指人類繁育、飼養綿羊的產業，用途包括供應羊毛、羊肉、羊乳與皮革，也涵蓋牧場、羊圈與剪毛作業的經營。養羊業屬於畜牧業，與紡織業、食品產業、動物福利、草場環境關係密切。中文譯為「養羊業」。

● 例句（90字長句）

Seldom did busy townspeople pause to consider that oviculture, which asks for the steady breeding and shearing of sheep to supply kitchens, mills, markets, and homes as well as to protect the high hills and folds that keep flocks safe, is judged less by the softness of a thick wool coat than by the cold, lonely night vigil it demands, until a hard winter, if underestimated, forced proud and hasty village shepherds to rebuild pens that had long seemed sturdy to their keepers and sheltered from every passing storm.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Seldom did busy townspeople pause to consider that oviculture,

which asks for the steady breeding and shearing of sheep to supply kitchens, mills, markets, and homes as well as to protect the high hills and folds that keep flocks safe,

is judged less by the softness of a thick wool coat than by the cold, lonely night vigil it demands,

until a hard winter,

if underestimated,

forced proud and hasty village shepherds to rebuild pens

that had long seemed sturdy to their keepers and sheltered from every passing storm.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Busy townspeople seldom paused to consider something.

（Seldom 置句首，主詞與助動詞倒裝為 did busy townspeople；pause to consider 為「停下來去思考」，to consider 為不定詞，表目的；consider 後接 that 名詞子句。）

Oviculture asks for the steady breeding and shearing of sheep.

（which 非限定關係子句，ask for 表「需要、要求」；breeding and shearing 為並列名詞，of sheep 表對象；steady 修飾兩個並列名詞。）

The breeding and shearing supply kitchens, mills, markets, and homes with meat, wool, and milk.

（to supply 為不定詞片語，表目的；supply A 在此指「供應肉、毛、乳給 A」，with meat, wool, and milk 為語意上被省略的部分；四項名詞以逗號並列。）

The breeding and shearing also protect the high hills and folds.

（as well as to protect 與前一目的並列。）

The high hills and folds keep flocks safe.

（that keep flocks safe 為限定關係子句，修飾 hills and folds；keep + 受詞 + 形容詞，表「使維持某種狀態」。）

Oviculture is judged less by the softness than by the vigil.

（less A than B 表「與其憑 A，不如憑 B」；is judged 為被動語態。）

A thick wool coat is soft.

（of a thick wool coat 說明 softness 的來源，指穿在身上的羊毛衣的柔軟。）

Oviculture demands the cold, lonely night vigil.

（the cold, lonely night vigil it demands 省略了關係代名詞 that；cold 與 lonely 為並列形容詞，以逗號分隔；night 為名詞作修飾語。）

A hard winter forced proud and hasty village shepherds to rebuild pens.

（until 引導時間副詞子句；force + 受詞 + to 不定詞，表「迫使某人做某事」；proud 與 hasty 為並列形容詞。）

The hard winter was underestimated.

（if underestimated 為省略「主詞＋be」的條件子句。）

The pens had long seemed sturdy to their keepers and sheltered from every passing storm.

（that had long seemed ... 為限定關係子句；過去完成式表「此前很久以來一直」；sturdy 為形容詞，sheltered 為過去分詞作形容詞，兩者並列；to their keepers 引出判斷的對象，from every passing storm 說明被庇護的對象。）

● 文法解析

Seldom 否定副詞倒裝結構：

Seldom did busy townspeople pause to consider 以否定副詞置句首，助動詞 did 移到主詞 busy townspeople 之前，語氣比 Busy townspeople seldom paused to consider 更強。倒裝只作用於主句，that 之後的名詞子句恢復正常語序。本句把倒裝放在最前面，卻把 until 子句留到最後，讀者要讀完整個 that 子句，才知道「很少思考」其實是「直到寒冬來襲才明白」。

which 非限定子句與 as well as：

oviculture, which asks for ... 插在主詞 oviculture 與謂語 is judged 之間，屬補充說明。to supply kitchens, mills, markets, and homes as well as to protect the high hills and folds 以 as well as 把「供應產品」與「保護山丘與羊圈」兩個不定詞目的並列，說明養羊業不只是飼養牲畜。that keep flocks safe 再以限定關係子句說明山丘與羊圈的作用，其中 keep ... safe 是「使維持安全」的結構。

less ... than 比較結構與省略關係代名詞：

is judged less by the softness of a thick wool coat than by the cold, lonely night vigil it demands 以 less A than B 作價值翻轉：衡量養羊業的標準，羊毛衣的柔軟較低，寒夜裡孤單守望的辛勞較高。the cold, lonely night vigil it demands 省略了受格關係代名詞 that，是限定關係子句中常見的省略；of a thick wool coat 使「柔軟」的來源具體化。

until 子句與 if underestimated 省略結構：

until a hard winter ... forced proud and hasty village shepherds to rebuild pens 以 until 引入轉折，說明認知的改變要等到危機出現。if underestimated 夾在主詞 winter 與謂語 forced 之間，為 if it is underestimated 的省略，省略了「主詞＋be」，it 指 a hard winter。這個插入語使主詞與動詞隔開，閱讀時要先記住 winter，等到 forced 才連得上。forced ... to rebuild 為「使役動詞＋受詞＋不定詞」結構。

that had long seemed sturdy to their keepers and sheltered from every passing storm：

that 引導限定關係子句修飾 pens，代替 pens 作子句主詞。had long seemed 使用過去完成式，表示在寒冬來襲之前，牧人長久以來都認為這些羊圈堅固且能擋風雨，與主句過去式 forced 形成對照，呈現「長久以為穩固，後來才發現脆弱」的反轉。sturdy 與 sheltered 以 and 並列作補語，各自接 to 與 from 的片語，呼應全句「寒夜守望的辛勞比柔軟的羊毛衣更重要」的主旨。

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