教宗的無誤與無謬(Papal Inerrancy and Infallibility)

教宗的無誤與無謬(Papal Inerrancy and Infallibility)

● 字源

「inerrancy」源自拉丁文 in-(無)與 errare(漂泊、犯錯),指沒有錯誤。「infallibility」源自拉丁文 in-(無)與 fallere(欺騙、使失敗),指不會失敗、不會誤導。「pope」源自教會希臘文 pappas 與拉丁文 papa(父親)。「ex cathedra」意為「從座位上」,指教宗以教會最高教師身分發言。天主教傳統上把「inerrancy」用於聖經,把「infallibility」用於教會與教宗的訓導,所以「教宗無誤」並非標準術語,這個題目是借兩詞對照來討論。

● 例句

Nowhere is the distinction between inerrancy, which Catholic theology ascribes chiefly to Scripture as inspired by God, and infallibility, which the First Vatican Council of 1870 defined as the pope's divinely assisted freedom from error when, speaking ex cathedra as teacher of all Christians, he declares a doctrine of faith or morals binding on the whole Church, more consequential than in the case of the pope, who, as even sympathetic historians concede, being neither impeccable nor omniscient, may still err whenever he speaks outside such solemn definitions.

(約 87 字)

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Nowhere is the distinction

between inerrancy,

which Catholic theology ascribes chiefly to Scripture as inspired by God,

and infallibility,

which the First Vatican Council of 1870 defined as the pope's divinely assisted freedom from error

when,

speaking ex cathedra as teacher of all Christians,

he declares a doctrine of faith or morals binding on the whole Church,

more consequential than in the case of the pope,

who,

as even sympathetic historians concede,

being neither impeccable nor omniscient,

may still err whenever he speaks outside such solemn definitions.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The distinction between inerrancy and infallibility is nowhere more consequential than in the case of the pope.(Nowhere is ... more ... than 為否定副詞倒裝的比較結構,主詞 the distinction 與 be 動詞被倒置。)

Catholic theology ascribes inerrancy chiefly to Scripture.(which 引導之關係子句,which 為 ascribes 之受詞。)

Scripture is inspired by God.(as inspired by God 為省略主詞與 is 的 as 子句。)

The First Vatican Council defined infallibility in 1870 as the pope's divinely assisted freedom from error.(第二個 which 引導之關係子句,which 為 defined 之受詞;as 為「定義為」。)

The pope speaks ex cathedra as teacher of all Christians.(speaking 為分詞構句,表伴隨情況,插入 when 與 he 之間。)

He declares a doctrine of faith or morals binding on the whole Church.(when 引導時間子句;binding 為受詞補語,修飾 a doctrine。)

Even sympathetic historians concede this.(as 引導之插入子句,as 代替後面整個內容。)

The pope is neither impeccable nor omniscient.(being 引導之分詞構句,表原因,neither ... nor 並列兩個形容詞。)

The pope may still err whenever he speaks outside such solemn definitions.(who 引導之非限定性關係子句的主要內容;whenever 引導時間子句。)

● 文法解析

Nowhere + be + 主詞 ... more ... than 倒裝(Nowhere is the distinction ... more consequential than ...):

否定副詞 nowhere 置於句首時,主詞與 be 動詞須倒裝。這個句型的主詞 the distinction 被兩大段 which 子句拉得極長,讀者要一路讀到 more consequential 才找到補語,再接 than 的比較對象。

並列 between A and B,且各帶 which 子句(between inerrancy, which ..., and infallibility, which ...):

between 後面的兩個名詞各自帶一個非限定性關係子句,使 and 離第一個名詞很遠,須確認 and 連接的是兩個 between 的受詞。

when 子句內的分詞構句插入(when, speaking ex cathedra as teacher of all Christians, he declares ...):

speaking 的意義上主詞是 he,與 when 子句的主詞一致,所以可以省略主詞,插在 when 與 he 之間,使連接詞與主詞分隔。

受詞補語 binding(declares a doctrine of faith or morals binding on the whole Church):

binding 補充說明 doctrine,意為「使該教義對全教會具約束力」,須與 declares 一起讀成 declare A binding。

as 準關係代名詞(who, as even sympathetic historians concede, ...):

as 代替後面整個內容(教宗並非無罪也非全知,會在定義之外出錯),所以 concede 不需要受詞。

being 分詞構句與 neither ... nor(being neither impeccable nor omniscient):

being 表原因,接在 as 插入子句之後,與前一個插入語疊加,使 who 與動詞 may err 相隔三層,須回溯確認主詞是 who(指 the pope)。

whenever 子句(may still err whenever he speaks outside such solemn definitions):

whenever 引導時間或條件子句,意為「每當」,限定教宗可能出錯的範圍是定義以外的發言。

● 參考譯文

在教宗的情況中,這兩個詞的區別尤其重大(無誤主要被天主教神學歸於受神啟示而寫成的聖經;無謬則由 1870 年第一次梵蒂岡大公會議定義為:當教宗以全體基督徒之教師身分「從座位上」發言,宣告一項信仰或道德教義對全教會具約束力時,他受神助而免於錯誤)。因為連同情的歷史學家也承認,教宗既非無罪也非全知,在這些莊嚴定義之外發言時,仍然可能出錯。

● 補充說明

句型亮點與文法變化:

Nowhere + be + 主詞 ... more ... than 倒裝: 前幾篇已用過 No sooner、Seldom、Little、Only after、Not only、Not until、Hardly、Were it not for、So ... that 等倒裝,本篇改用否定副詞 nowhere 的比較級倒裝。

不使用分號: 全句僅以 which、when、who、as、whenever 等連接詞與關係詞,加上分詞構句推進,單一主幹貫穿到底。

雙概念對照: inerrancy 與 infallibility 各帶一個 which 子句,兩個定義並列對照,最後落到教宗身上。

多重插入: when 與 he 之間、who 與 may err 之間(as 子句與 being 分詞構句),皆有插入成分。

更多相關例子(可替換或延伸使用):

《永恆之牧者》(Pastor Aeternus, 1870):第一次梵蒂岡大公會議的憲章,第四章定義教宗的無謬。

Ex cathedra(從座位上):教宗以教會最高牧者與教師的身分,就信仰或道德事項作最終定義。

Impeccability(無罪性):與 infallibility 常被混淆,天主教並不主張教宗不會犯罪。

核心學術字彙與文法重點總結:

關鍵字詞: Papal(教宗的)、Infallibility(無謬)、Inerrancy(無誤)、Ex cathedra(從座位上)、Impeccable(無罪的)、Omniscient(全知的)、Define(定義)、Ascribe(歸於)。

文法重點: Nowhere 倒裝比較、between A and B 各帶 which 子句、when 子句內分詞構句插入、受詞補語 binding、as 準關係代名詞、being 分詞構句與 neither ... nor、whenever 子句。

一點小提醒: 天主教傳統上以 inerrancy 指聖經,以 infallibility 指教會與教宗的訓導,所以「教宗的無誤」並非標準說法,例句已用 Catholic theology 的用法呈現。教宗無謬只限於 ex cathedra 的信仰與道德定義,並非他說的每句話都無謬,也不等於他不會犯罪。例句實際約 87 個英文單字,略少於 90 字。參考譯文為求順暢,已調整部分分句順序。

留言

這個網誌中的熱門文章

古代三大陸 58個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句 說明古代三大陸由來

緬甸古都曼德勒故宮 63個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句

英格蘭大憲章 54個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句 說明美國要有成文憲法的原因