聖靈論 Pneumatology

 聖靈論 Pneumatology

●字源（中文說明，不併入長句）

pneumatology = pneuma + logos（-logy）

pneuma（希臘文）：氣、風、呼吸，引申為「靈」。動詞 pnein 意為「吹、呼吸」。希伯來文 ruach 與拉丁文 spiritus 也有「風、氣息、靈」三層意思，所以聖經裡的「靈」與「風」常是同一個字。

logos：言說、論述、學問。

字面意思是「關於靈的論述」，英文詞十七世紀出現，形容詞是 pneumatological。

同源字：pneumonia（肺炎，源自 pneumon「肺」，與 pnein 有關）、pneumatic（氣動的）。

譯名：「聖靈論」專指基督教神學中論聖靈的部分；pneumatology 在較廣義的哲學史中也可指「靈的學說」，中文常譯「靈學」，與神學用法不同。

●例句（約125 words）

Pneumatology, the part of Christian theology that treats of the Holy Spirit, which the Nicene Creed of 381 confesses as "the Lord, the giver of life", had long been overshadowed by debates about Christ until the twentieth century, when theologians, dissatisfied with a faith in which the Spirit seemed a mere afterthought, began to ask what it means that God is present not only in a past event but in the believer's present experience; yet so deeply did the East and the West disagree over whether the Spirit proceeds from the Father alone or from the Father and the Son that the "filioque" clause, which the Western church had added to the creed, became a cause of the schism of 1054, one that, although many now regard it as largely resolvable, remains formally unresolved.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Pneumatology,

the part of Christian theology

that treats of the Holy Spirit,

which the Nicene Creed of 381 confesses

as "the Lord, the giver of life",

had long been overshadowed by debates about Christ

until the twentieth century,

when theologians,

dissatisfied with a faith

in which the Spirit seemed a mere afterthought,

began to ask

what it means

that God is present

not only in a past event

but in the believer's present experience;

yet so deeply did the East and the West disagree

over whether the Spirit proceeds

from the Father alone

or from the Father and the Son

that the "filioque" clause,

which the Western church had added to the creed,

became a cause of the schism of 1054,

one that,

although many now regard it as largely resolvable,

remains formally unresolved.

●分解為原初的短小句

Pneumatology had long been overshadowed by debates about Christ.（主結構，9字。主詞與 had long been 之間插入約二十個字的同位語與關係子句，必須讀到 had long been overshadowed 才看到動詞。）

Pneumatology is the part of Christian theology.

It treats of the Holy Spirit.

The Nicene Creed of 381 confesses the Spirit as "the Lord, the giver of life".

This lasted until the twentieth century.

Theologians were then dissatisfied with a faith.

In that faith the Spirit seemed a mere afterthought.

They began to ask what it means.

God is present not only in a past event.

God is present also in the believer's present experience.

The East and the West disagreed so deeply.

They disagreed over whether the Spirit proceeds from the Father alone or from the Father and the Son.

The Western church had added the "filioque" clause to the creed.

The clause became a cause of the schism of 1054.

Many now regard the schism as largely resolvable.

It remains formally unresolved nonetheless.

●文法解析

主句：Pneumatology…had long been overshadowed by…。主詞之後是同位語 the part of Christian theology，再接 that 與 which 關係子句，動詞 had been overshadowed 到很後面才出現。過去完成式表示在 the twentieth century 之前的持續狀態。

that treats of the Holy Spirit：treat of 意為「論述、探討」，較文雅，等於 deal with。

which the Nicene Creed of 381 confesses as "…"：which 指 the Holy Spirit，是 confesses 的受詞，語序是 which + 主詞 + 動詞，受詞前置。confess A as B 意為「宣告 A 為 B」。

until the twentieth century, when theologians…began to ask：when 是非限定關係副詞，補充說明 the twentieth century。主詞 theologians 與動詞 began 之間插入形容詞片語。

dissatisfied with a faith in which the Spirit seemed a mere afterthought：dissatisfied 是形容詞（過去分詞形），修飾 theologians，等於 who were dissatisfied。in which 是介係詞前置，seem + 名詞補語，意為「似乎是」。

ask what it means that God is present…：it 是形式主詞，that God is present…是真主詞。what 是 means 的受詞，意為「它意味著什麼」。not only…but…：兩個介係詞片語並列，in a past event 與 in the believer's present experience。

yet so deeply did the East and the West disagree over…that…：so + 副詞置於句首，後面主詞與助動詞倒裝（did…disagree）。正常語序是 the East and the West disagreed so deeply over…that…。與前面 so + 形容詞 + that 的倒裝同類，這裡改用副詞 deeply。

over whether the Spirit proceeds from the Father alone or from the Father and the Son：whether 名詞子句當 over 的受詞，whether 與 or 構成二選一。

the "filioque" clause, which the Western church had added to the creed, became…：which 是 had added 的受詞，非限定關係子句插在主詞與動詞之間。過去完成式，比 became 更早。

one that, although many now regard it as largely resolvable, remains formally unresolved：one 指 schism，是同位語。that 是 remains 的主詞，although 讓步子句插在 that 與動詞之間。regard A as B 意為「視 A 為 B」。

●參考譯文

聖靈論是基督教神學中論述聖靈的部分，381年的尼西亞信經宣告聖靈是「主，賜生命者」。直到二十世紀以前，它長期被關於基督的辯論所掩蓋。到了二十世紀，神學家對於聖靈彷彿只是事後補充的信仰不滿，開始追問：上帝不只臨在於過去的事件，也臨在於信徒當下的經驗，這意味著什麼？然而，東西方就聖靈究竟只出自聖父，還是出自聖父與聖子，爭執得如此之深，以致西方教會加進信經的「和子句」（filioque）成了1054年東西教會分裂的原因之一。這個分歧，雖然如今許多人認為大致可以化解，在正式層面上仍未解決。

●補充說明

信經的名稱常有混淆：現行的「尼西亞信經」嚴格說是381年君士坦丁堡大公會議確立的「尼西亞－君士坦丁堡信經」，句中沿用通稱 Nicene Creed。引文「主，賜生命者」出自此信經。

filioque 為拉丁文，意為「和子」，指西方教會在信經中加入「聖靈出自聖父『和聖子』」。這個詞的加入始於西班牙，後被羅馬採用，東方教會反對，既因教義，也因未經大公會議同意便修改信經。

1054年的分裂通常稱「大分裂」，但教會史家指出，這是長期分歧累積的結果，並非單一事件所造成，filioque 也只是原因之一，所以句中寫 a cause，不寫 the cause。「正式未解決」是描述制度層面，近代東西方對話對此已有進展，所以句中保留 although many now regard it as largely resolvable，不寫成定論。

二十世紀神學對聖靈的重視，常提到五旬節運動與靈恩運動的興起，以及東正教神學家（如洛斯基）的影響。「聖靈曾被忽略」是常見的概括說法，並非所有時期、所有傳統皆然，所以句中用 had long been overshadowed 與 seemed，不寫成絕對判斷。

這一句的文法重點：過去完成式的長持續狀態、treat of、which 受詞前置、when 非限定關係副詞、dissatisfied 形容詞片語插入、it 形式主詞帶 that 子句、so + 副詞的倒裝、whether…or 名詞子句、one that…although 插入。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列15個短句組合回原來的長句：