語用學 Pragmatics

 語用學 Pragmatics

● 字源

pragmatics 來自古希臘文 πραγματικός (pragmatikós，「適合行動的」)，源自 πρᾶγμα (prâgma，「行為、事務」)，再自動詞 πράσσω (prássō，「做、行動」)。經拉丁文 pragmaticus、法語 pragmatique 進入英語。1938 年 Charles Morris 將其定為符號學三大分支之一，專指「符號與使用者的關係」。現代語言學指研究語境、說話人意圖與言外之力如何影響意義的學科。中文譯為「語用學」。

● 例句（約70字長句）

Although early philosophers and structural linguists, focusing mainly on formal meaning and truth conditions without attention to context or speaker intention, often treated language use as peripheral residual phenomena outside core linguistic theory, modern pragmaticians and speech-act theorists, who developed systematic accounts of implicature, presupposition and performative utterances in the mid-twentieth century while examining contextual inference across diverse communicative situations, demonstrated that the principles governing relevance, politeness and illocutionary force constituted a dynamic, context-sensitive system of interpretation, a perspective that later scholars, valuing cognitive models and cross-cultural evidence, regarded as central theoretical inquiry, not merely residual rules or optional add-ons to semantics and syntax.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Although early philosophers and structural linguists,

focusing mainly on formal meaning and truth conditions without attention to context or speaker intention,

often treated language use as peripheral residual phenomena outside core linguistic theory,

modern pragmaticians and speech-act theorists,

who developed systematic accounts of implicature, presupposition and performative utterances in the mid-twentieth century

while examining contextual inference across diverse communicative situations,

demonstrated that the principles governing relevance, politeness and illocutionary force

constituted a dynamic, context-sensitive system of interpretation,

a perspective

that later scholars,

valuing cognitive models and cross-cultural evidence,

regarded as central theoretical inquiry,

not merely residual rules or optional add-ons to semantics and syntax.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Early philosophers and structural linguists focused mainly on formal meaning and truth conditions.

（focusing 是分詞構句，表示主要關注點；without... 補充缺乏的面向。）

They often treated language use as peripheral residual phenomena.

（treat A as B：把 A 視為 B。）

These phenomena lay outside core linguistic theory.

（outside... 是介詞片語修飾。）

Modern pragmaticians and speech-act theorists developed systematic accounts of implicature, presupposition and performative utterances.

（who 關係子句。）

They did this in the mid-twentieth century.

They examined contextual inference across diverse communicative situations.

（while examining 表示同時進行。）

They demonstrated something.

（主句骨架；demonstrated 後接 that 子句。）

The principles governing relevance, politeness and illocutionary force constituted a dynamic, context-sensitive system of interpretation.

（governing 分詞片語補充說明 principles。）

This was a perspective.

（a perspective 是同位語，回指前面觀點。）

Later scholars valued cognitive models and cross-cultural evidence.

（valuing 分詞構句，表示伴隨狀態。）

They regarded the perspective as central theoretical inquiry.

（regard A as B。）

They did not regard it as merely residual rules or optional add-ons to semantics and syntax.

（not merely 形成對比否定。）

● 文法解析

Although 讓步子句 + 主句對比：

Although 子句到 theory 結束，骨架是 philosophers and linguists treated language use。逗號後 modern pragmaticians and speech-act theorists 才是主句主詞，讀到 demonstrated 才找到謂語。

focusing 分詞構句插入：

夾在主詞與謂語 treated 之間，說明關注焦點。跳過它，骨架就是 philosophers and linguists treated language use。

as peripheral residual phenomena 結構：

treated ... as ...，as 接名詞片語。

who 關係子句插入：

who developed ... situations 夾在 theorists 與 demonstrated 之間，是最長干擾段。while examining 標示時間與伴隨動作。

demonstrated that 子句：

骨架是 the principles ... constituted a dynamic, context-sensitive system of interpretation。

governing 分詞片語：

補充說明 principles 的具體內容。

a perspective 同位語：

回指整個 that 子句所表達的觀點。

valuing 分詞構句：

夾在 scholars 與 regarded 之間，說明後期學者的價值取向。

not merely ... 對比結構：

與 as central theoretical inquiry 形成對比，否定「僅僅是殘餘規則或語義句法的可選附加物」的舊看法。