罪刑法定主義 principle of legality

 罪刑法定主義 principle of legality

●字源

「罪刑法定主義」對應英文 the principle of legality（或 legality principle、nullum crimen sine lege）。拉丁文原句為 nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege，字面意思是「沒有法律就沒有犯罪，沒有法律就沒有刑罰」。crimen 來自拉丁文「控訴、罪責」，poena 為「刑罰」，lege 是 lex「法律」的奪格。近代經德國刑法學（nullum crimen sine lege）與日本法學翻譯傳入中文，形成「罪刑法定」一詞，強調犯罪與刑罰必須由事前成文法律明文規定，不得任意擴張。

●例句（約112 words）

The principle of legality, the foundational maxim of criminal law that forbids the state from punishing any conduct not previously and precisely defined as criminal by a duly enacted statute, has long been regarded as indispensable to the rule of law, for without its strictures the power to define and punish crime would remain at the mercy of shifting political will, judicial improvisation, or administrative discretion, so that it is only by insisting that every element of an offense be fixed in advance by clear written law, that retroactive application be barred, that analogy be prohibited, and that penalties themselves be determinate, that a legal order can claim to safeguard individual liberty against the ever-present temptation of arbitrary coercion, a safeguard whose most rigorous form, demanding absolute fidelity to the text even when justice seems to cry out for expansion, remains one of the fiercest battlegrounds of modern criminal theory.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

The principle of legality,

the foundational maxim of criminal law

that forbids the state from punishing any conduct

not previously and precisely defined as criminal by a duly enacted statute,

has long been regarded as indispensable to the rule of law,

for without its strictures

the power to define and punish crime

would remain at the mercy of shifting political will, judicial improvisation, or administrative discretion,

so that it is only by insisting

that every element of an offense be fixed in advance by clear written law,

that retroactive application be barred,

that analogy be prohibited,

and that penalties themselves be determinate,

that a legal order can claim to safeguard individual liberty

against the ever-present temptation of arbitrary coercion,

a safeguard whose most rigorous form,

demanding absolute fidelity to the text even when justice seems to cry out for expansion,

remains one of the fiercest battlegrounds of modern criminal theory.

●分解為原初的短小句

The principle of legality has long been regarded as indispensable to the rule of law.（主結構。主詞與動詞之間隔著長同位語。）

The principle of legality is a foundational maxim of criminal law.

The maxim forbids the state from punishing any conduct.

The conduct is not previously and precisely defined as criminal by a duly enacted statute.

Without its strictures the power to define and punish crime would remain at the mercy of shifting political will.

It would also remain at the mercy of judicial improvisation or administrative discretion.

Scholars insist that every element of an offense be fixed in advance by clear written law.

They also insist that retroactive application be barred.

They insist that analogy be prohibited.

They insist that penalties themselves be determinate.

Only by such insistence can a legal order claim to safeguard individual liberty.

It safeguards liberty against the ever-present temptation of arbitrary coercion.

This is a safeguard.

Its most rigorous form demands absolute fidelity to the text even when justice seems to cry out for expansion.

That form remains one of the fiercest battlegrounds of modern criminal theory.

●文法解析

主句：The principle of legality…has long been regarded as indispensable to the rule of law。同位語 the foundational maxim…夾在主詞與 has 之間，內含 that 關係子句，修飾 maxim；not previously…是過去分詞片語，修飾 conduct。

for without its strictures…：for 是對等連接詞，意為「因為」。without its strictures 是介詞片語作條件狀語，主句是 the power…would remain…，使用虛擬語氣。at the mercy of 後接三個並列名詞片語：shifting political will、judicial improvisation、administrative discretion。

so that it is only by insisting…that…：so that 引導結果子句，內為強調句型 it is…that…，被強調的是 only by insisting…。insisting 後接四個並列的 that 子句（名詞子句），分別說明四項要求。that a legal order can claim…是被強調句型中真正的主句。

a safeguard whose most rigorous form…remains…：a safeguard 是同位語，指前面「保障個人自由」這件事。whose 引導關係子句，主詞是 form，動詞是 remains。中間 demanding…是現在分詞片語，修飾 form；even when 引導讓步狀語子句。

●參考譯文

罪刑法定主義是刑法的基礎格言，它禁止國家處罰任何未事先由正式制定的成文法律精確界定為犯罪的行為。它長久以來被視為法治不可或缺的原則，因為若無其限制，界定與處罰犯罪的權力將任由變動的政治意志、司法即興或行政裁量擺布。因此，唯有堅持犯罪的每一構成要件必須由清晰的成文法律事先固定、禁止溯及既往、禁止類推適用、並使刑罰本身確定，一個法律秩序才能主張它保障了個人自由，免於任意強制的恆常誘惑。這項保障的最嚴格形態，要求即使正義似乎呼籲擴張，仍須絕對忠於法條文字，至今仍是現代刑法理論中最激烈的戰場之一。

●補充說明

句中用 long been regarded，不說 always，因為歷史上並非每個時代都同等重視此原則。用 only by insisting 強調四項派生原則缺一不可。四個 that 子句分別對應成文法主義、禁止溯及既往、禁止類推、刑罰明確性。英美法較常說 principle of legality 或 nulla poena sine lege，大陸法系則直接使用 nullum crimen sine lege 的完整表述，但核心功能相同。

文法重點：長同位語夾在主詞與動詞之間、that 關係子句、過去分詞後置修飾、for 對等連接詞、虛擬語氣 would remain、so that 帶強調句型、四個並列 that 名詞子句、同位語 a safeguard whose…、現在分詞片語與 even when 讓步子句。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列15個短句組合回原來的長句：

需要的話，我可以把這篇做成 Word 檔，或再依主題（如禁止類推、溯及既往）另寫一句。

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