森林培育學/造林學 silviculture

 森林培育學/造林學 silviculture

● 字源

Silviculture(森林培育學、造林學)由拉丁文 silva(「森林」,亦拼作 sylva)加上 cultura(「耕種、培養」)組成,字面意為「森林的耕作」。此詞仿 agriculture 造出,指人類有計畫地管理林分的更新、組成、生長與品質,包括造林、疏伐、撫育、擇伐與更新等技術。Silviculture 屬於 forestry 的核心分支,著重林木本身的培育,與偏重經營與資源管理的 forest management 相互配合。中文譯為「森林培育學」或「造林學」。

● 例句(70字長句)

It is in managed woodlands, whose stands of oak, pine, and maple regenerate under thinning, that silviculture, having grown from forestry craft into science, flourishes, not because trees grow quickly but because foresters, knowing that light reaches seedlings only when canopies open gradually, time every cut so carefully that neither soil nor streams suffer, even though pests, fires, and shifting markets, which no forester can control, keep disturbing every plan.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

It is in managed woodlands,

whose stands of oak, pine, and maple regenerate under thinning,

that silviculture,

having grown from forestry craft into science,

flourishes,

not because trees grow quickly

but because foresters,

knowing that light reaches seedlings only when canopies open gradually,

time every cut so carefully

that neither soil nor streams suffer,

even though pests, fires, and shifting markets,

which no forester can control,

keep disturbing every plan.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Silviculture flourishes in managed woodlands.

(原句為 It is ... that 強調句,把 in managed woodlands 夾在 It is 與 that 之間強調;拿掉 It is 與 that,即還原為這個簡單句。)

Managed woodlands have stands of oak, pine, and maple.

(whose 為所有格關係代名詞,相當於 of which,修飾 woodlands,「whose stands」即「這些林地的林分」;managed 為過去分詞作形容詞,指「經過經營管理的」。)

The stands regenerate under thinning.

(regenerate 在此為不及物動詞,指林木「自然更新」;under 表「在……的條件下」;thinning 為動名詞,指「疏伐」。)

Silviculture has grown from forestry craft into science.

(原句 having grown ... 為完成式分詞構句,主詞同為 silviculture,表動作發生在 flourishes 之前;from ... into ... 表轉變的起點與終點。)

Trees do not grow quickly.

(not because ... but because ... 為對比結構,否定前一個理由,肯定後一個理由;本句為被否定的理由。)

Foresters time every cut carefully.

(time 在此作動詞,意為「為……選定時機」;every cut 為受詞;carefully 為副詞,修飾 time。本句為被肯定的理由之主要骨幹。)

Foresters know something.

(knowing that ... 為現在分詞構句,表「同時具備的認知」,相當於 as they know that ...;that 引導名詞子句,作 knowing 的受詞。)

Light reaches seedlings only when canopies open gradually.

(only when 引導條件副詞子句,表「唯有……時才」;canopies 指林冠;open 為不及物動詞,gradually 為副詞,修飾 open。)

Foresters time every cut so carefully.

(so ... that 為結果結構,so 修飾副詞 carefully,that 引導結果子句。)

Neither soil nor streams suffer.

(neither ... nor ... 連接兩個名詞作主詞,動詞與較近的主詞 streams 一致,故用複數 suffer。)

Pests, fires, and shifting markets keep disturbing every plan.

(even though 引導讓步副詞子句;keep + 動名詞 disturbing,表「持續不斷地」;shifting 為現在分詞作形容詞,修飾 markets,指「變動不定的」。)

No forester can control pests, fires, and shifting markets.

(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指前面整串名詞,在子句中作 control 的受詞;no forester 為否定主詞,意為「沒有任何林業人員」,所以動詞 can control 不再另加 not。)

● 文法解析

It is ... that 強調句與 whose 關係子句:

It is in managed woodlands ... that silviculture ... flourishes 是強調句,被強調的是地點副詞片語 in managed woodlands。強調句的特色是 It is 與 that 之間放被強調的成分,其餘部分回到 that 之後。本句 that 之前插入了 whose 子句,whose stands of oak, pine, and maple regenerate under thinning 說明林地為何適合培育。whose 是所有格關係代名詞,修飾後面的 stands。這樣一來,讀者要等到 that 才看到真正的主詞 silviculture,增加了懸念。

完成式分詞構句 having grown:

silviculture, having grown from forestry craft into science, flourishes 中,having grown 由 as it has grown 簡化而來,省略連接詞,主詞與主句相同,所以不必重複。完成式分詞表示「先發生」,說明森林培育已經先完成了從經驗技藝到科學的轉型,所以才能興盛。前後各有逗號,插在主詞 silviculture 與謂語 flourishes 之間,與前面的 that 一起把主詞與動詞隔開,讀時要先記住主詞。

not because ... but because ... 與現在分詞構句:

not because trees grow quickly but because foresters ... time every cut so carefully 以對比結構,先否定一般人以為的原因(樹木長得快),再提出真正的原因(林業人員審慎安排伐採時機)。因為 but because 之後的主詞 foresters 與謂語 time 之間又插入 knowing that light reaches seedlings only when canopies open gradually,這是現在分詞構句,表「同時具備的認知」;其中 only when 子句說明關鍵在於林冠逐漸打開,幼苗才得到光線。

so ... that 結果子句與 neither ... nor:

time every cut so carefully that neither soil nor streams suffer 用 so ... that 表結果,so 修飾副詞 carefully,說明程度大到產生後面的結果。that 子句中的 neither ... nor 連接 soil 與 streams 兩個主詞,動詞跟隨離它較近的 streams,所以用複數 suffer。這一句強調林業人員不只顧樹木,也保護土壤與水源。

even though 讓步子句與非限定 which:

even though pests, fires, and shifting markets ... keep disturbing every plan 以 even though 引導讓步,與前面的成功形成轉折:即使如此,風險依舊存在。keep disturbing 為「keep + 動名詞」,表持續不斷。which no forester can control 是非限定關係子句,先行詞是整串 pests, fires, and shifting markets,which 在子句中作 control 的受詞,因此後面不再接受詞。這個插入語把「無法掌控」的語氣放在主詞與動詞之間,讓句子在結尾前再增添一層不確定感。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。

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