社會階級 social classes

社會階級 social classes

● 字源

Class 源自拉丁文 classis,原指羅馬按財產把公民分成的等級,也指「召集起來的一批人」,後來又指艦隊。它與動詞 calare(召喚、宣布)有關,字面意思是「被召集、被編在一起的一群」。複數為 classes(單數 class 以 s 結尾,故加 -es)。十八世紀前後,class 逐漸取代 rank、order,成為談社會上下層次的常用詞。相關詞有 classic(原指最高等級的公民,後引申為「第一流的」)、classify(分類)和 calendar(同源於 calare,因古羅馬朔日要被「宣布」)。中文譯為「社會階級」,與 stratum(社會階層)相近,class 偏重按經濟地位劃分的群體。

● 例句(80字長句)

It is in modern democracies, whose constitutions promise every citizen equal rights, that social classes, having been drawn along lines of income, schooling, and inherited property, endure, not because anyone defends them but because parents, believing that children who grow up among books and connections will inherit their parents' comforts, invest so heavily in their offspring that neither ambition nor luck lets outsiders cross the line, even though critics, whom no election can persuade, keep asking whether fairness is real.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

It is in modern democracies,

whose constitutions promise every citizen equal rights,

that social classes,

having been drawn along lines of income, schooling, and inherited property,

endure,

not because anyone defends them

but because parents,

believing that children who grow up among books and connections will inherit their parents' comforts,

invest so heavily in their offspring

that neither ambition nor luck lets outsiders cross the line,

even though critics,

whom no election can persuade,

keep asking whether fairness is real.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Social classes endure in modern democracies.

(原句為 It is ... that 強調句,把 in modern democracies 夾在 It is 與 that 之間強調;拿掉 It is 與 that,即還原為簡單句。)

The constitutions of modern democracies promise every citizen equal rights.

(whose 為所有格關係代名詞,相當於 of which;promise 後接兩個受詞,every citizen 是間接受詞,equal rights 是直接受詞。)

Social classes have been drawn along lines of income, schooling, and inherited property.

(having been drawn 為完成式被動分詞構句;along lines of 表「沿著……的界線」,三個名詞並列。)

Nobody defends social classes.

(not because anyone defends them 中,anyone 用於否定語境;還原為簡單句時,改成 nobody 表示「沒有人」。)

Parents believe something.

(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,表「同時抱持的看法」,相當於 as they believe that ...。)

Children grow up among books and connections.

(who 為主格關係代名詞,指 children,在子句中作 grow up 的主詞;among 表「身處其中」。)

Such children will inherit their parents' comforts.

(這是 believing that 之後的名詞子句主幹;will 表預期,inherit 表「繼承」。)

Parents invest so heavily in their offspring.

(invest ... in 為「投資於」;so heavily 為結果結構的前半;offspring 單複數同形,此處指孩子。)

Neither ambition nor luck lets outsiders cross the line.

(so ... that 的結果子句;neither ... nor ... 連接 ambition 與 luck,動詞跟隨較近的 luck,用單數 lets;lets 後接受詞 outsiders 與原形動詞 cross,為使役結構。)

Critics keep asking whether fairness is real.

(even though 引導讓步副詞子句;keep + 動名詞 asking 表「持續不斷地」;whether 引導名詞子句,作 asking 的受詞。)

No election can persuade critics.

(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 persuade 的受詞,故用受格 whom;no election 為否定主詞,動詞不再加 not。)

● 文法解析

It is ... that 強調句與 whose 關係子句:

It is in modern democracies ... that social classes ... endure 是強調句,被強調的是地點副詞片語 in modern democracies。that 之前插入 whose constitutions promise every citizen equal rights,點出民主國家在法律上承諾平等,這與後面階級仍然存續形成反差。讀者要到 that 之後才看到真正的主詞 social classes。

完成式被動分詞構句 having been drawn:

social classes, having been drawn along lines of income, schooling, and inherited property, endure 中,having been drawn 由 as they have been drawn 簡化而來。完成式表「先發生」,被動表階級是「被劃出來的」,說明界線先已成形,所以才會持續。它夾在主詞與謂語 endure 之間,閱讀時要先記住 classes 是主詞。

not because ... but because ... 與現在分詞構句:

先否定一般人的想法(有人公開捍衛階級),再提出真正的原因(父母的投資)。but because 之後,主詞 parents 與謂語 invest 之間插入 believing that children who ... will inherit ...,這是現在分詞構句,表父母「同時抱持的信念」。其中 who grow up among books and connections 是限定關係子句,說明哪一類孩子。

so ... that 結果子句與 neither ... nor:

invest so heavily in their offspring that neither ambition nor luck lets outsiders cross the line 以 so ... that 表結果,so 修飾副詞 heavily,說明投入到什麼程度。neither ... nor 連接 ambition 與 luck,動詞跟隨較近的 luck,用單數 lets。let 作使役動詞,後接受詞 outsiders,再接原形動詞 cross。

even though 讓步子句與非限定 whom:

even though critics ... keep asking whether fairness is real 以 even though 引出轉折:階級雖然穩固,批評的聲音仍不停止。whom no election can persuade 是非限定關係子句,先行詞是 critics,whom 在子句中作 persuade 的受詞,所以後面不再接受詞。這個插入語在主詞 critics 與謂語 keep 之間加進「勸不動」的語氣。

● 參考翻譯

正是在現代民主國家裡(這些國家的憲法向每位公民承諾平等的權利),社會階級(雖已沿著收入、學歷與繼承財產的界線劃分成形)依然持續存在;原因不在於有人為階級辯護,而在於父母相信在書香與人脈中成長的孩子將繼承父母的優渥生活,因此對子女投入極多,以致無論野心或運氣都無法讓局外人跨越那條界線,儘管批評者(沒有任何選舉能說服他們)仍不斷追問公平是否真實存在。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。

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