社會聚合 Social Cohesion

 社會聚合 Social Cohesion

● 字源

Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Cohesion 來自拉丁文 cohaesio,源於動詞 cohaerere(黏在一起),由 co-(一起)加 haerere(黏附)構成。同源詞有 cohere、adhere、adhesive、inherent、hesitate。這個詞組的思想源頭是涂爾幹(Émile Durkheim)的「社會連帶」(social solidarity),後來廣泛用於社會學與公共政策,指社會成員之間彼此信任、互相依賴、共享歸屬感的程度。中文譯為「社會聚合」,是不可數名詞。

● 例句(70字長句)

Social cohesion, which sociologists describe as the bond by which strangers come to trust one another, endures not because citizens share identical beliefs but because communities, recognizing that cooperation requires fairness, build institutions that ordinary people can rely on, so that neighbors who once distrusted each other work side by side, although skeptics, whom every crisis vindicates, warn that the trust that took generations to build can collapse almost overnight.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Social cohesion,

which sociologists describe as the bond

by which strangers come to trust one another,

endures

not because citizens share identical beliefs

but because communities,

recognizing that cooperation requires fairness,

build institutions

that ordinary people can rely on,

so that neighbors who once distrusted each other

work side by side,

although skeptics,

whom every crisis vindicates,

warn

that the trust that took generations to build can collapse almost overnight.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Social cohesion endures.

(全句主幹:主詞 social cohesion,謂語 endures;後面的 not because ... but because ... 說明它為何持續。)

Sociologists describe social cohesion as the bond.

(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 cohesion,在子句中作 describe 的受詞;describe A as B 表「將 A 描述為 B」。)

Strangers come to trust one another by the bond.

(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 bond,還原後為 by the bond;come to + 原形動詞表「逐漸……」;one another 為受詞。)

Citizens share identical beliefs.

(not because 所否定的理由;identical 表「完全相同的」。)

Communities recognize something.

(recognizing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 communities,相當於 as they recognize that ...,表「同時具備的認知」。)

Cooperation requires fairness.

(that 子句為 recognize 的受詞;that 在此是連接詞,不在子句中擔任任何成分。)

Communities build institutions.

(這是 but because 子句的真正謂語;institutions 指制度、機構。)

Ordinary people can rely on the institutions.

(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 institutions,在子句中作介系詞 on 的受詞,故還原後 institutions 置於 on 之後;rely on 表「依靠」,on 留在句尾,不可省略。)

Neighbors once distrusted each other.

(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 neighbors,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞;once 在此為副詞,表「從前」;each other 為受詞。)

Neighbors work side by side.

(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;side by side 為副詞片語,表「並肩」。)

Skeptics warn something.

(although 引導讓步副詞子句;warn that ... 的 that 子句為 warn 的內容。)

Every crisis vindicates skeptics.

(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 skeptics,在子句中作 vindicates 的受詞,故用受格 whom;vindicate 表「證明……是對的」;every crisis 為單數主詞,動詞用 vindicates。)

The trust can collapse almost overnight.

(that 子句的主幹;can 表可能性;almost overnight 表「幾乎一夜之間」。)

The trust took generations to build.

(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 trust,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 took;it takes + 時間 + to 的句型在此以 trust 作主詞,to build 為不定詞,表「花了數代人才建立」。)

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句與 by which:

Social cohesion, which ... one another, endures 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 endures 交代主幹。子句內的 by which strangers come to trust one another 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,意思是「陌生人藉以彼此信任的紐帶」,which 指 bond,不是指 cohesion,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。

not because ... but because ... 與現在分詞構句 recognizing:

先否定一般預期(靠共同信念),再提出真正原因(社群建立可靠的制度)。but because 之後,主詞 communities 與謂語 build 之間插入 recognizing that cooperation requires fairness,交代社群「認識到」合作需要公平,這就是建立制度的動機。這裡的 that 是連接詞,與後面的關係代名詞 that 要分辨。

限定關係子句 that ordinary people can rely on:

build institutions that ordinary people can rely on 中,that 指 institutions,並且是介系詞 on 的受詞,所以 on 後面不再接受詞。這是限定(不加逗號)關係子句,限定「哪一種」制度:一般人靠得住的。介系詞留在句尾,是口語與書面都自然的寫法。

so that 結果子句與限定 who:

so that neighbors who once distrusted each other work side by side 以 so that 表結果,承接制度建立後的後果。who once distrusted each other 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」鄰居;once 在此是副詞「從前」,並非連接詞「一旦」,意思與前一題的 once educated 不同。

although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:

although skeptics ... warn 引出轉折:聚合雖然得以建立,懷疑論者仍警告它脆弱。whom every crisis vindicates 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 vindicates 的受詞,主詞 every crisis 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 warn that the trust that took generations to build can collapse 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 took 的主詞。

● 參考翻譯

社會聚合(社會學家將它描述為陌生人藉以逐漸彼此信任的紐帶)之所以持續,並非因為公民擁有完全相同的信念,而是因為各社群(認識到合作需要公平)建立起一般人可以依靠的制度,以致從前互不信任的鄰居得以並肩工作;儘管懷疑論者(每一次危機都證明他們是對的)警告說,那份花了數代人才建立起來的信任,幾乎一夜之間就可能崩塌。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。

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