社會達爾文主義 Social Darwinism
社會達爾文主義 Social Darwinism
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Darwin 是人名,指英國博物學家查爾斯·達爾文(Charles Darwin),姓氏本出古英語人名 Deorwine,由 deor(親愛的)加 wine(朋友)構成。-ism 來自希臘文 -ismos,經拉丁文 -ismus 進入英語,表「主義、學說」,同類的詞有 capitalism、socialism。同源詞有 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指十九世紀後期流行的主張:把「自然選擇」「適者生存」(survival of the fittest,由斯賓塞 Herbert Spencer 提出)套用到人類社會,認為競爭與不平等是自然且合理的。二十世紀中葉,霍夫施塔特(Richard Hofstadter)的著作使這個詞廣為流傳,批評者常用它指責這類思想。達爾文本人並未提出這種社會理論。中文譯為「社會達爾文主義」,是不可數名詞。
● 例句(90字長句)
Social Darwinism, which historians define as the ideology by which the principle of natural selection is applied to human societies, holds not that human progress comes chiefly from cooperation but that individuals, believing that competition rewards the fittest and punishes the weak, should leave markets entirely free of interference, so that the poor who receive no help from the state still bear blame for failures they never chose, although critics, whom every claim of natural hierarchy offends, object that the doctrine that supposedly explains inequality merely disguises prejudice as science.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social Darwinism,
which historians define as the ideology
by which the principle of natural selection is applied to human societies,
holds
not that human progress comes chiefly from cooperation
but that individuals,
believing that competition rewards the fittest and punishes the weak,
should leave markets entirely free of interference,
so that the poor who receive no help from the state
still bear blame for failures they never chose,
although critics,
whom every claim of natural hierarchy offends,
object
that the doctrine that supposedly explains inequality merely disguises prejudice as science.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social Darwinism holds something.
(全句主幹:主詞 Social Darwinism,謂語 holds;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這個主義主張什麼。)
Historians define social Darwinism as the ideology.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 Social Darwinism,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;ideology 指意識形態。)
The principle of natural selection is applied to human societies by the ideology.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 ideology,還原後為 by the ideology;is applied 為被動語態;apply A to B 表「把 A 應用於 B」。)
Human progress comes chiefly from cooperation.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 holds 的受詞子句;chiefly 為副詞,表「主要地」;come from 表「來自」。)
Individuals should leave markets entirely free of interference.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 holds 的第二個受詞子句;should 表主張或應然;leave + 受詞 + 形容詞補語,表「讓……保持某狀態」;free of 表「不受……」。)
Individuals believe something.
(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 individuals,相當於 as they believe that ...,說明主張背後的信念。)
Competition rewards the fittest and punishes the weak.
(that 子句為 believe 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;the fittest 與 the weak 皆為「the + 形容詞」,表一群人,rewards 與 punishes 為並列動詞。)
The poor still bear blame for failures.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;the poor 為「the + 形容詞」,表「窮人」,視為複數;bear blame 表「承擔責難」;still 表「仍然」。)
The poor receive no help from the state.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 the poor,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 receive;no help 表「得不到任何幫助」。)
The poor never chose the failures.
(failures 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that,完整為 failures that they never chose,that 指 failures,在子句中作 chose 的受詞,they 指 the poor。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every claim of natural hierarchy offends critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 offends 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every claim of natural hierarchy 為單數主詞,動詞用 offends。)
The doctrine merely disguises prejudice as science.
(that 子句的主幹;disguise A as B 表「把 A 偽裝成 B」;merely 表「不過只是」。)
The doctrine supposedly explains inequality.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 doctrine,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 explains;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻。)
● 文法解析
非限定 which 子句與 by which:
Social Darwinism, which ... human societies, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內的 by which the principle of natural selection is applied to human societies 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,意思是「自然選擇原理藉以被套用到人類社會的意識形態」。which 指 ideology,不是指 Social Darwinism,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing:
否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「進步來自合作」,再提出真正的主張。but that 之後,主詞 individuals 與謂語 should leave 之間插入 believing that competition rewards the fittest and punishes the weak,交代主張背後的信念。兩個 that 與 believing 後的 that 都是連接詞,不擔任子句成分。leave markets entirely free of interference 是 leave + 受詞 + 補語,entirely 修飾 free。
so that 結果子句、限定 who 與省略的關係代名詞:
so that the poor who receive no help from the state still bear blame for failures they never chose 以 so that 表結果:市場不受干預,導致窮人承擔責難。who receive ... 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」窮人。failures they never chose 省略了關係代名詞 that,還原為 failures that they never chose,that 是 chose 的受詞。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:這個主義雖然自稱有科學根據,批評者仍指出它是偏見。whom every claim of natural hierarchy offends 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 offends 的受詞,主詞 every claim of natural hierarchy 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the doctrine that supposedly explains inequality ... 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 explains 的主詞。
● 參考翻譯
社會達爾文主義(歷史學家將它定義為把自然選擇原理套用於人類社會的意識形態)所主張的,並非人類進步主要來自合作,而是個人(相信競爭獎賞最適者、懲罰弱者)應當讓市場完全不受干預,以致得不到國家任何幫助的窮人,仍要為自己從未選擇的失敗承擔責難;儘管批評者(每一種自然階層的主張都令他們反感)反駁說,那套據稱能解釋不平等的學說,其實只是把偏見偽裝成科學。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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