社會分化 Social Differentiation

 社會分化 Social Differentiation

● 字源

Social 來自拉丁文 socialis（同伴的），源於 socius（夥伴）。Differentiation 來自中世紀拉丁文 differentiare，源於拉丁文 differentia（差異），再追溯到動詞 differre（分開、相異），由 dis-（分開）加 ferre（攜帶）構成。同源詞有 differ、difference、defer、refer、transfer、prefer。這個詞組的概念來自斯賓塞（Herbert Spencer）與涂爾幹（Émile Durkheim），指社會隨著規模擴大與分工深化，逐漸演變出不同的角色、制度與階層的過程。中文譯為「社會分化」，是不可數名詞。（註：題目拼字 differenciazion 應為 differentiation。）

● 例句（80字長句）

Social differentiation, which sociologists define as the process by which a society divides itself into specialized roles and institutions, advances not because people grow more alike but because populations, growing larger than any single tradition can govern, assign tasks that only trained specialists can perform, so that farmers who once built their own tools now depend on engineers, although critics, whom every planner disappoints, warn that the specialization that makes societies productive also leaves them fragmented and uneasy.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Social differentiation,

which sociologists define as the process

by which a society divides itself into specialized roles and institutions,

advances

not because people grow more alike

but because populations,

growing larger than any single tradition can govern,

assign tasks

that only trained specialists can perform,

so that farmers who once built their own tools

now depend on engineers,

although critics,

whom every planner disappoints,

warn

that the specialization that makes societies productive also leaves them fragmented and uneasy.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Social differentiation advances.

（全句主幹：主詞 social differentiation，謂語 advances；後面的 not because ... but because ... 說明它為何推進。）

Sociologists define social differentiation as the process.

（which 為非限定關係代名詞，指 differentiation，在子句中作 define 的受詞；define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」。）

A society divides itself into specialized roles and institutions by the process.

（by which 為「介系詞＋關係代名詞」，which 指 process，還原後為 by the process；itself 為反身代名詞，因受詞與主詞相同；divide A into B 表「將 A 分成 B」。）

People grow more alike.

（not because 所否定的理由；grow 在此為連綴動詞，表「變得」；more alike 為比較級。）

Populations grow larger than any single tradition can govern.

（growing ... 為現在分詞構句，主詞同為 populations，相當於 as they grow ...；larger than 為比較級；govern 後省略受詞 them，指 populations。）

Populations assign tasks.

（這是 but because 子句的真正謂語；assign tasks 表「分派工作」。）

Only trained specialists can perform the tasks.

（that 為限定關係代名詞，指 tasks，在子句中作 perform 的受詞，故還原後 tasks 置於句尾；only 修飾 trained specialists。）

Farmers once built their own tools.

（who 為限定關係代名詞，指 farmers，在子句中作主詞，所以 who 後面直接接動詞 built；once 在此為副詞，表「從前」。）

Farmers now depend on engineers.

（so that 引導結果子句，表「以致」；depend on 表「依賴」，on 不可省略；now 與前面的 once 形成對比。）

Critics warn something.

（although 引導讓步副詞子句；warn that ... 的 that 子句為 warn 的內容。）

Every planner disappoints critics.

（whom 為非限定關係代名詞，指 critics，在子句中作 disappoints 的受詞，故用受格 whom；every planner 為單數主詞，動詞用 disappoints。）

The specialization also leaves societies fragmented and uneasy.

（that 子句的主幹；leave + 受詞 + 形容詞，表「使……處於某種狀態」；fragmented 與 uneasy 為並列的受詞補語；also 表「同時也」。）

The specialization makes societies productive.

（第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞，指 specialization，在子句中作主詞，所以 that 後面直接接動詞 makes；make + 受詞 + 形容詞，表「使……變得」。）

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句與 by which：

Social differentiation, which ... institutions, advances 先以 which 子句補充定義，再以 advances 交代主幹。子句內的 by which a society divides itself ... 是「介系詞＋關係代名詞」結構，意思是「社會藉以將自己分成各種角色的過程」，which 指 process，不是指 differentiation，閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。

not because ... but because ... 與現在分詞構句 growing：

先否定一般預期（人們變得更相似），再提出真正原因（人口擴大、傳統無法統管，只好分派專門任務）。but because 之後，主詞 populations 與謂語 assign 之間插入 growing larger than any single tradition can govern，交代人口規模超出單一傳統的治理能力，這就是分工的動機。

限定關係子句 that only trained specialists can perform：

assign tasks that only trained specialists can perform 中，that 指 tasks，並且是 perform 的受詞，所以 perform 後面不再接受詞。這是限定（不加逗號）關係子句，限定「哪一種」任務：只有受過訓練的專家才做得了的。

so that 結果子句與限定 who：

so that farmers who once built their own tools now depend on engineers 以 so that 表結果。who once built their own tools 是限定子句，who 作子句主詞，限定「哪一種」農夫；once 在此是副詞「從前」，與 now 對照，凸顯從自給自足到相互依賴的轉變。

although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that：

although critics ... warn 引出轉折：分化雖然提高生產力，批評者仍警告它的代價。whom every planner disappoints 是非限定關係子句，whom 在子句中作 disappoints 的受詞，主詞 every planner 置於 whom 之後，是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 warn that the specialization that makes societies productive ... 出現兩個 that：第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞，第二個是限定關係代名詞，在子句中作 makes 的主詞。

● 參考翻譯

社會分化（社會學家將它定義為社會藉以將自身劃分為專門化的角色與制度的過程）之所以推進，並非因為人們變得更相似，而是因為各人口群體（成長到任何單一傳統都無法治理的規模）分派只有受過訓練的專家才做得了的任務，以致從前自己打造工具的農夫如今得依賴工程師；儘管批評者（每一位規劃者都讓他們失望）警告說，那種使社會具有生產力的專業分工，同時也讓社會變得支離破碎、惶惶不安。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句，只看分解出來的短句小句，試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。