社會距離 Social Distance
社會距離 Social Distance
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Distance 來自古法文 distance,源於拉丁文 distantia(分開站立、相隔),是動詞 distare 的名詞形式,由 di-(分開)加 stare(站立)構成,原指兩者「分開站著」的狀態。同源詞有 distant、stand、station、stable、constant(以上出自 stare),以及 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組有兩層用法:一是社會學上,由帕克(Robert Park)提出、波加德斯(Emory Bogardus)發展成量表,指人與人之間因階層、種族、親疏而感受到的心理與社會隔閡;二是二〇二〇年新冠疫情期間,指保持身體間隔以降低傳染風險的措施,後者學界多稱 physical distancing。中文譯為「社會距離」,是不可數名詞。
● 例句(70字長句)
Social distance, which sociologists define as the degree of closeness that people feel toward members of other groups, holds not that strangers live far apart but that individuals, fearing that intimacy with outsiders would lower their standing, keep acquaintances at a measured remove, so that neighbors who share one street still treat each other as foreigners, although critics, whom every rigid boundary troubles, object that the distance that supposedly protects people merely isolates them.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social distance,
which sociologists define as the degree of closeness
that people feel toward members of other groups,
holds
not that strangers live far apart
but that individuals,
fearing that intimacy with outsiders would lower their standing,
keep acquaintances at a measured remove,
so that neighbors who share one street
still treat each other as foreigners,
although critics,
whom every rigid boundary troubles,
object
that the distance that supposedly protects people merely isolates them.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social distance holds something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social distance,謂語 holds;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這個概念的要旨。)
Sociologists define social distance as the degree of closeness.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social distance,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;degree 指程度。)
People feel the degree of closeness toward members of other groups.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 the degree of closeness,在子句中作 feel 的受詞,還原後置於 feel 之後;toward 表「對於」;closeness 指親近感。)
Strangers live far apart.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 holds 的受詞子句;far apart 表「相隔遙遠」,指實際空間距離。)
Individuals keep acquaintances at a measured remove.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 holds 的第二個受詞子句;keep A at a remove 表「與 A 保持距離」;measured 表「經過拿捏的」。)
Individuals fear something.
(fearing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 individuals,相當於 as they fear that ...,說明保持距離的動機。)
Intimacy with outsiders would lower their standing.
(that 子句為 fear 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;would 表推測的假設;intimacy with 表「與……的親密」;their 指 individuals;standing 指地位。)
Neighbors still treat each other as foreigners.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;treat A as B 表「把 A 當作 B」;each other 表「彼此」;still 表「仍然」。)
Neighbors share one street.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 neighbors,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 share;one street 表「同一條街」。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every rigid boundary troubles critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every rigid boundary 為單數主詞,動詞用 troubles。)
The distance merely isolates people.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;isolate 指使孤立。)
The distance supposedly protects people.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 distance,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 protects;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻。)
● 文法解析
非限定 which 子句與限定 that 子句:
Social distance, which ... other groups, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內 the degree of closeness that people feel toward members of other groups 的 that 是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 feel 的受詞,所以 feel 後面不再接受詞,只接 toward 片語。which 指 social distance,that 指 degree of closeness,閱讀時要把兩層分清楚。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 fearing:
否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「距離是指實際相隔遙遠」,再提出真正的意思:人們有意識地拿捏距離。but that 之後,主詞 individuals 與謂語 keep 之間插入 fearing that intimacy with outsiders would lower their standing,交代保持距離的動機。兩個 that 與 fearing 後的 that 都是連接詞,不擔任子句成分。
so that 結果子句與限定 who:
so that neighbors who share one street still treat each other as foreigners 以 so that 表結果:因為刻意保持距離,連同街鄰居也形同外人。who share one street 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」鄰居,也就是空間上毫無距離的那些人,與前面的 not that strangers live far apart 前後呼應。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:這種距離雖有其功能,批評者仍認為它造成隔離。whom every rigid boundary troubles 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,主詞 every rigid boundary 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the distance that supposedly protects people ... 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 protects 的主詞。
● 參考翻譯
社會距離(社會學家將它定義為人們對其他群體成員所感受到的親近程度)所指的,並非陌生人彼此住得很遠,而是個人(擔心與外人過度親密會降低自己的地位)刻意與熟人保持拿捏過的距離,以致同住一條街的鄰居,仍把彼此當成外人;儘管批評者(每一道僵硬的界線都令他們不安)反駁說,那份據稱能保護人們的距離,其實只是在孤立他們。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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