社會史學 Social History

 社會史學 Social History

● 字源

Social 來自拉丁文 socialis（同伴的），源於 socius（夥伴）。History 來自拉丁文 historia，源於希臘文 historia（探問、調查所得的知識），由 histor（有學識的人、見證者）演變而來，再追溯到原始印歐語詞根 weid-（看見、知道），原指透過「探問」而得知的記述。同源詞有 story、historian、historic、idea、video、wit（以上出自 weid-），以及 society、associate、sociable、sociology（以上出自 socius）。這個詞組指把研究重心從君王、戰爭、政治大事，轉向一般人的日常生活、家庭、勞動、階級與社群的歷史研究取向，二十世紀中葉之後，在法國年鑑學派與英國馬克思主義史家（如湯普森 E. P. Thompson）的推動下蔚為風潮，常以「自下而上的歷史」（history from below）稱之。中文譯為「社會史學」，是不可數名詞。

● 例句（90字長句）

Social history, which scholars define as the field by which the lives of ordinary people are reconstructed from records they left behind, holds not that history is made chiefly by kings and generals but that workers, believing that their daily struggles deserve to be remembered, shaped events through habits and protests that official chronicles ignored, so that peasants who never learned to write still speak to us through court files and tax rolls, although critics, whom every claim of hidden majorities provokes, object that the voices that supposedly emerge from such archives merely echo the clerks who recorded them.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Social history,

which scholars define as the field

by which the lives of ordinary people are reconstructed from records they left behind,

holds

not that history is made chiefly by kings and generals

but that workers,

believing that their daily struggles deserve to be remembered,

shaped events through habits and protests that official chronicles ignored,

so that peasants who never learned to write

still speak to us through court files and tax rolls,

although critics,

whom every claim of hidden majorities provokes,

object

that the voices that supposedly emerge from such archives merely echo the clerks who recorded them.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Social history holds something.

（全句主幹：主詞 social history，謂語 holds；後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句，說明這門學問的主張。）

Scholars define social history as the field.

（which 為非限定關係代名詞，指 social history，在子句中作 define 的受詞；define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」；field 指研究領域。）

The lives of ordinary people are reconstructed from records by the field.

（by which 為「介系詞＋關係代名詞」，which 指 field，還原後為 by the field；are reconstructed 為被動語態；reconstruct A from B 表「根據 B 重建 A」。）

Ordinary people left records behind.

（records 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that，完整為 records that they left behind，that 指 records，在子句中作 left 的受詞，they 指 ordinary people；leave behind 表「留下」。）

History is made chiefly by kings and generals.

（not that 所否定的主張；此處 that 為連接詞，引導 holds 的受詞子句；is made 為被動語態；chiefly 表「主要地」。）

Workers shaped events through habits and protests.

（but that 引導肯定的主張，為 holds 的第二個受詞子句；shape 表「形塑」；through 表「藉由」；habits 指習慣，protests 指抗議。）

Workers believe something.

（believing that ... 為現在分詞構句，主詞同為 workers，相當於 as they believe that ...，說明他們行動背後的信念。）

Their daily struggles deserve to be remembered.

（that 子句為 believe 的受詞；that 為連接詞，不擔任子句成分；deserve to be + 過去分詞表「值得被……」；their 指 workers。）

Official chronicles ignored habits and protests.

（that 為限定關係代名詞，指 habits and protests，在子句中作 ignored 的受詞，故 ignored 後面不再接受詞；official chronicles 指官方編年史。）

Peasants still speak to us through court files and tax rolls.

（so that 引導結果子句，表「以致」；speak to us 表「向我們訴說」；court files 為法庭檔案，tax rolls 為稅冊；still 表「仍然」。）

Peasants never learned to write.

（who 為限定關係代名詞，指 peasants，在子句中作主詞，所以 who 後面直接接動詞 learned；never learned to write 表「從未學會書寫」。）

Critics object something.

（although 引導讓步副詞子句；object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。）

Every claim of hidden majorities provokes critics.

（whom 為非限定關係代名詞，指 critics，在子句中作 provokes 的受詞，故用受格 whom；every claim of hidden majorities 為單數主詞，動詞用 provokes；provoke 表「激怒」。）

The voices merely echo the clerks.

（that 子句的主幹；merely 表「不過只是」；echo 表「回響、重複」。）

The voices supposedly emerge from such archives.

（第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞，指 voices，在子句中作主詞，所以 that 後面直接接動詞 emerge；supposedly 表「據稱」，帶有質疑口吻；emerge from 表「從……浮現」。）

Clerks recorded the voices.

（who 為限定關係代名詞，指 clerks，在子句中作主詞，所以 who 後面直接接動詞 recorded；還原後的受詞 them 指 voices，故原句句尾為 who recorded them。）

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句與 by which：

Social history, which ... left behind, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義，再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內的 by which the lives of ordinary people are reconstructed from records they left behind 是「介系詞＋關係代名詞」結構，意思是「普通人的生活藉以被重建的領域」。which 指 field，不是指 social history，閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。records they left behind 又省略了 that，是第三層的關係子句。

not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing：

否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句：先否定「歷史主要由君王與將領創造」，再提出真正的主張：工人也形塑了事件。but that 之後，主詞 workers 與謂語 shaped 之間插入 believing that their daily struggles deserve to be remembered，交代他們行動背後的信念。habits and protests that official chronicles ignored 的 that 是限定關係代名詞，作 ignored 的受詞。

so that 結果子句與限定 who：

so that peasants who never learned to write still speak to us through court files and tax rolls 以 so that 表結果：因為這些被官方忽略的行動留下了檔案，不識字的農民仍能透過檔案向後人發聲。who never learned to write 是限定子句，who 作子句主詞，限定「哪一種」農民，也就是自己無法留下文字的那些人。

although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that：

although critics ... object 引出轉折：社會史雖然讓無名者發聲，批評者仍質疑那是真的聲音。whom every claim of hidden majorities provokes 是非限定關係子句，whom 在子句中作 provokes 的受詞，主詞 every claim of hidden majorities 置於 whom 之後，是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the voices that supposedly emerge from such archives merely echo the clerks who recorded them 出現兩個 that：第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞，第二個是限定關係代名詞，在子句中作 emerge 的主詞；句尾的 who recorded them 又是限定子句，who 作主詞，限定「哪些」書記官。

● 參考翻譯

社會史學（學者將它定義為根據普通人所留下的紀錄來重建他們生活的領域）所主張的，並非歷史主要由君王與將領創造，而是工人（相信自己的日常奮鬥值得被記住）藉由官方編年史所忽略的習慣與抗議形塑了事件，以致從未學會書寫的農民，仍透過法庭檔案與稅冊向我們訴說；儘管批評者（每一種關於隱藏多數的說法都令他們惱火）反駁說，那些據稱從這類檔案中浮現的聲音，其實只是在回應記錄它們的書記官。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句，只看分解出來的短句小句，試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。