社會指標 Social Indicators
社會指標 Social Indicators
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Indicator 來自晚期拉丁文 indicator(指示者),是動詞 indicare(指出、宣告)的名詞形式,由 in-(向、朝)加 dicare(宣告、指明)構成,後者與 dicere(說)同源,再追溯到原始印歐語詞根 deik-(顯示、指出)。同源詞有 index、indicate、dictate、diction、verdict、predict、judge、digit(以上出自 deik- 一系),以及 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指用來衡量社會狀況與生活品質的統計數據,如失業率、平均餘命、識字率、貧窮率、犯罪率與所得分配,用以追蹤社會變遷並作為政策依據。它在一九六〇年代的美國興起,起因於太空總署委託美國人文與科學院(American Academy of Arts and Sciences)研究太空計畫的社會影響,鮑爾(Raymond Bauer)主編的《社會指標》(Social Indicators, 1966)一書使這個詞組廣為人知;其後聯合國的人類發展指數(Human Development Index)與各國的福祉調查都承襲這種思路。因為它指一整套數據,英語多用複數 social indicators。中文譯為「社會指標」,是可數名詞(常用複數)。
● 例句(90字長句)
Social indicators, which statisticians define as the measures by which the condition of a society is tracked through numbers that governments collect over time, hold not that economic growth alone reveals how people live but that citizens, believing that what officials count shapes what they care about, should demand figures that show who is left behind, so that regions where incomes rise still face scrutiny for the schools they neglect, although critics, whom every attempt to reduce human life to statistics troubles, object that the indicators that supposedly describe well-being merely reward whatever planners already know how to measure.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social indicators,
which statisticians define as the measures
by which the condition of a society is tracked through numbers
that governments collect over time,
hold
not that economic growth alone reveals how people live
but that citizens,
believing that what officials count shapes what they care about,
should demand figures that show who is left behind,
so that regions where incomes rise
still face scrutiny for the schools they neglect,
although critics,
whom every attempt to reduce human life to statistics troubles,
object
that the indicators that supposedly describe well-being merely reward whatever planners already know how to measure.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social indicators hold something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social indicators 為複數,謂語用 hold;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 hold 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這套數據的主張。)
Statisticians define social indicators as the measures.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social indicators,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;measures 指衡量工具。)
The condition of a society is tracked through numbers by the measures.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 measures,還原後為 by the measures;is tracked 為被動語態,track 表「追蹤」;condition 指狀況。)
Governments collect the numbers over time.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 numbers,在子句中作 collect 的受詞,故 collect 後面不再接受詞,只接副詞片語 over time;over time 表「隨時間累積」。)
Economic growth alone reveals something.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 hold 的受詞子句;alone 為副詞,修飾 economic growth,表「單憑」;reveal 表「揭露」。)
People live in some way.
(how 為疑問副詞,引導 reveals 的受詞子句,how people live 整體為名詞子句,作 reveals 的受詞;how 在子句內修飾 live,表「以何種方式」。)
Citizens should demand figures.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 hold 的第二個受詞子句;should 表應然;demand 表「要求」;figures 指數據。)
Citizens believe something.
(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 citizens,相當於 as they believe that ...,說明他們要求的信念。)
What officials count shapes what they care about.
(that 子句為 believe 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;兩個 what 都是關係代名詞,相當於 the thing that;第一個 what officials count 為名詞子句作主詞,what 是 count 的受詞,動詞用單數 shapes;第二個 what they care about 作 shapes 的受詞,what 是介系詞 about 的受詞。)
Figures show something.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 figures,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 show;其受詞為下一句的 who 子句。)
Someone is left behind.
(who 為疑問代名詞,在子句中作 is left behind 的主詞,構成 show who is left behind 的間接問句;is left behind 為被動語態,表「被拋在後面」。)
Regions still face scrutiny for the schools.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;face scrutiny 表「面臨審視」;for 表「為了、因為」;still 表「仍然」。)
Incomes rise in the regions.
(where 為關係副詞,指 regions,相當於 in which,在子句中作地點副詞,所以 where 後面接完整子句 incomes rise,不缺主詞或受詞;rise 表「上升」。)
The regions neglect the schools.
(schools 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that,完整為 the schools that they neglect,that 指 schools,在子句中作 neglect 的受詞,they 指 regions;neglect 表「忽視」。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every attempt to reduce human life to statistics troubles critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every attempt to reduce ... 為單數主詞,動詞用 troubles;reduce A to B 表「把 A 簡化為 B」。)
The indicators merely reward whatever planners already know how to measure.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;reward 表「獎勵、有利於」;whatever 為複合關係代名詞,相當於 anything that,引導名詞子句作 reward 的受詞;whatever 同時是 measure 的受詞,how to measure 為「疑問詞+不定詞」;planners 指規劃者;already 表「早已」。)
The indicators supposedly describe well-being.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 indicators,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 describe;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;well-being 指福祉。)
● 文法解析
複數主詞、非限定 which、by which 與限定 that:
Social indicators, which ... over time, hold 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 hold 交代主幹。主詞 social indicators 是複數,動詞用 hold,不加 s。子句內的 by which the condition of a society is tracked through numbers 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,which 指 measures,不是指 social indicators。後面 numbers that governments collect over time 的 that 是限定關係代名詞,作 collect 的受詞,所以 collect 後面不再接受詞。這裡共有三層關係子句,閱讀時要逐層分清。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing:
否定與肯定的是 hold 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「經濟成長單獨就能揭露人們如何生活」,再提出真正的主張:公民應要求顯示誰被拋下的數據。how people live 是 reveals 的名詞子句受詞,how 為疑問副詞。but that 之後,主詞 citizens 與謂語 should demand 之間插入 believing that what officials count shapes what they care about,其中兩個 what 都是關係代名詞:前者作 count 的受詞並使整個子句成為主詞,後者作介系詞 about 的受詞並作 shapes 的受詞,交代「被計算的東西會塑造被在乎的東西」這個信念。figures that show who is left behind 的 that 作子句主詞,who 則是間接問句的主詞,兩者不要混淆。
so that 結果子句、關係副詞 where 與省略的關係代名詞:
so that regions where incomes rise still face scrutiny for the schools they neglect 以 so that 表結果:因為有人要求更完整的數據,連所得上升的地區也要為被忽視的學校受審視。regions where incomes rise 的 where 是關係副詞,相當於 in which,因為子句 incomes rise 已有主詞,不缺任何成分,所以用 where 而非 which。the schools they neglect 省略了關係代名詞 that,還原為 the schools that they neglect,that 是 neglect 的受詞。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom、雙重 that 與 whatever:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:指標雖想描述福祉,批評者仍質疑它只偏愛易於測量之物。whom every attempt to reduce human life to statistics troubles 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,主詞 every attempt to reduce human life to statistics 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the indicators that supposedly describe well-being merely reward whatever planners already know how to measure 出現兩個 that:第一個是連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,作 describe 的主詞。句尾 whatever planners already know how to measure 是名詞子句,作 reward 的受詞,whatever 在子句內又是 measure 的受詞,how to measure 是「疑問詞+不定詞」結構,作 know 的受詞。
● 參考翻譯
社會指標(統計學家將它定義為藉由政府長期蒐集的數字來追蹤一個社會狀況的衡量工具)所主張的,並非單憑經濟成長就能揭示人們如何生活,而是公民(相信官員計算什麼會塑造人們在乎什麼)應當要求能顯示誰被拋在後面的數據,以致所得上升的地區,仍要為自己所忽視的學校接受審視;儘管批評者(每一種把人的生活簡化為統計數字的嘗試都令他們不安)反駁說,那些據稱描述福祉的指標,其實只是在獎勵規劃者早已知道如何衡量的一切。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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