社會流動 Social Mobility
社會流動 Social Mobility
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Mobility 來自古法文 mobilité,源於拉丁文 mobilitas(可動性),再追溯到 mobilis(可移動的),是動詞 movere(移動)的衍生詞。同源詞有 move、motion、motor、mobile、emotion、promote。這個詞組由俄裔美籍社會學家索羅金(Pitirim Sorokin)在 1927 年系統化,指個人或家庭在社會階層中上升、下降或平行移動的過程,分為垂直與水平、代內與代際。中文譯為「社會流動」,是不可數名詞。
● 例句(80字長句)
Social mobility, which sociologists define as the process by which individuals or families move between positions in a society's hierarchy, rises not because talent is rewarded but because economies, expanding faster than their elites can reproduce themselves, create openings that children from humble homes, once educated, can fill, so that fathers who never left their villages watch daughters become engineers, although critics, whom every optimist annoys, warn that the ladder that once lifted so many strivers upward is narrowing again.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social mobility,
which sociologists define as the process
by which individuals or families move between positions in a society's hierarchy,
rises
not because talent is rewarded
but because economies,
expanding faster than their elites can reproduce themselves,
create openings
that children from humble homes,
once educated,
can fill,
so that fathers who never left their villages
watch daughters become engineers,
although critics,
whom every optimist annoys,
warn
that the ladder that once lifted so many strivers upward is narrowing again.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social mobility rises.
(全句主幹:主詞 social mobility,謂語 rises;後面的 not because ... but because ... 說明它為何上升。)
Sociologists define social mobility as the process.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 mobility,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」。)
Individuals or families move between positions in a society's hierarchy by the process.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 process,還原後為 by the process;between 表「在……之間」。)
Talent is rewarded.
(not because 所否定的理由;rewarded 為被動語態。)
Economies expand faster than their elites can reproduce themselves.
(expanding ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 economies,相當於 as they expand ...;faster than 為比較級;reproduce themselves 指菁英階層複製自己的地位。)
Economies create openings.
(這是 but because 子句的真正謂語;openings 指職位或機會的空缺。)
Children from humble homes can fill the openings.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 openings,在子句中作 fill 的受詞,故還原後 openings 置於句尾;from humble homes 修飾 children。)
Children are educated.
(once educated 為省略的時間副詞子句,還原為 once they are educated;once 表「一旦」。)
Fathers never left their villages.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 fathers,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 left;never 為否定副詞。)
Fathers watch daughters become engineers.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;watch + 受詞 + 原形動詞 become,表「看著……成為」,為感官動詞句型。)
Critics warn something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;warn that ... 的 that 子句為 warn 的內容。)
Every optimist annoys critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 annoys 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every optimist 為單數主詞,動詞用 annoys。)
The ladder is narrowing again.
(that 子句的主幹;is narrowing 為現在進行式,again 表「再度」。)
The ladder once lifted so many strivers upward.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 ladder,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 lifted;once 在此作副詞,表「曾經」,與前面表「一旦」的連接詞 once 不同;strivers 指奮力向上的人。)
● 文法解析
非限定 which 子句與 by which:
Social mobility, which ... hierarchy, rises 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 rises 交代主幹。子句內的 by which individuals or families move ... 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,意思是「個人或家庭藉以移動的過程」,which 指 process,不是指 mobility,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。
not because ... but because ... 與現在分詞構句 expanding:
先否定一般預期(才能受到獎賞),再提出真正原因(經濟擴張創造空缺)。but because 之後,主詞 economies 與謂語 create 之間插入 expanding faster than their elites can reproduce themselves,交代經濟成長快過菁英的自我複製,所以必須向下層開放。
限定關係子句 that ... can fill 與 once educated:
create openings that children from humble homes can fill 中,that 指 openings,並且是 fill 的受詞,所以 fill 後面不再接受詞。once educated 是省略主詞與 be 動詞的時間子句,插在主詞 children from humble homes 與謂語 can fill 之間。
so that 結果子句、限定 who 與感官動詞 watch:
so that fathers who never left their villages watch daughters become engineers 以 so that 表結果。who never left their villages 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」父親。watch daughters become engineers 是感官動詞加受詞再加原形動詞,不加 to。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:
although critics ... warn 引出轉折:機會雖然增加,批評者仍警告情況在惡化。whom every optimist annoys 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 annoys 的受詞,主詞 every optimist 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 warn that the ladder that once lifted ... 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 lifted 的主詞。
● 參考翻譯
社會流動(社會學家將它定義為個人或家庭藉以在社會階層中不同位置之間移動的過程)之所以上升,並非因為才能獲得獎賞,而是因為各經濟體(擴張的速度快過其菁英階層自我複製的速度)創造出一些空缺,出身寒微的孩子一旦受過教育便能填補,以致從未離開過村莊的父親們得以看著女兒成為工程師;儘管批評者(每一位樂觀主義者都惹惱他們)警告說,那座曾把這麼多奮鬥者向上提升的階梯正再度變窄。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
留言
張貼留言