社會病態/社會病理學 Social Pathology

社會病態/社會病理學 Social Pathology

● 字源

Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Pathology 由 patho- 加 -logy 構成。Patho- 來自希臘文 pathos(感受、苦難、疾病),源於動詞 paschein(遭受、承受),-logy 源於希臘文 logos(話語、道理),表「學問」,合起來原指研究疾病的學問,十七世紀進入英語。同源詞有 sympathy、empathy、apathy、pathetic、psychopath(以上出自 pathos),以及 biology、logic、dialogue(以上出自 logos),另有 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組有兩層用法:一是指社會本身的「病態」現象,如貧窮、犯罪、娼妓、酗酒與精神疾病;二是指研究這些現象的「社會病理學」,十九世紀末至二十世紀初盛行於美國,早期社會學家如斯賓塞(Herbert Spencer)以有機體比喻社會,視失序為疾病。後來米爾斯(C. Wright Mills)批評這種取向,認為它把結構性問題歸咎於個人適應不良,今日多改稱「社會問題」。中文譯為「社會病態」或「社會病理學」,是不可數名詞。

● 例句(90字長句)

Social pathology, which sociologists define as the approach by which poverty, crime, and disorder are explained as diseases of the social body, holds not that such troubles arise from unjust arrangements but that individuals, failing to adapt to the norms of a healthy society, should be treated like patients whom doctors diagnose and cure, so that the poor who lose their jobs still bear the label of maladjustment for a misfortune they never caused, although critics, whom every medical metaphor about society alarms, object that the diagnosis that supposedly reveals sickness merely condemns whoever departs from the norm.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Social pathology,

which sociologists define as the approach

by which poverty, crime, and disorder are explained as diseases of the social body,

holds

not that such troubles arise from unjust arrangements

but that individuals,

failing to adapt to the norms of a healthy society,

should be treated like patients

whom doctors diagnose and cure,

so that the poor who lose their jobs

still bear the label of maladjustment for a misfortune they never caused,

although critics,

whom every medical metaphor about society alarms,

object

that the diagnosis that supposedly reveals sickness merely condemns whoever departs from the norm.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Social pathology holds something.

(全句主幹:主詞 social pathology,謂語 holds;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這種取向的主張。)

Sociologists define social pathology as the approach.

(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social pathology,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;approach 指研究取向。)

Poverty, crime, and disorder are explained as diseases of the social body by the approach.

(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 approach,還原後為 by the approach;are explained 為被動語態;explain A as B 表「把 A 解釋為 B」;social body 指社會有機體;poverty, crime, and disorder 為三個並列主詞。)

Such troubles arise from unjust arrangements.

(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 holds 的受詞子句;arise from 表「起因於」;unjust 表「不公正的」;arrangements 指制度安排。)

Individuals should be treated like patients.

(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 holds 的第二個受詞子句;should be treated 為被動語態,表應然;like 為介系詞,表「像……一樣」。)

Individuals fail to adapt to the norms of a healthy society.

(failing to ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 individuals,相當於 as they fail to adapt ...,說明他們被視為病人的原因;fail to + 原形動詞表「未能」;adapt to 表「適應」;norms 指規範。)

Doctors diagnose and cure patients.

(whom 為限定關係代名詞,指 patients,在子句中作 diagnose 與 cure 的共同受詞,故用受格 whom,還原後 patients 置於句尾;diagnose 表「診斷」,cure 表「治癒」,為並列動詞。)

The poor still bear the label of maladjustment for a misfortune.

(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;the poor 為「the + 形容詞」,表「窮人」,視為複數;bear the label of 表「背負……的標籤」;maladjustment 指適應不良;still 表「仍然」。)

The poor lose their jobs.

(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 the poor,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 lose;their 指 the poor。)

The poor never caused the misfortune.

(misfortune 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that,完整為 a misfortune that they never caused,that 指 misfortune,在子句中作 caused 的受詞,they 指 the poor;never 表「從未」。)

Critics object something.

(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)

Every medical metaphor about society alarms critics.

(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 alarms 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every medical metaphor about society 為單數主詞,動詞用 alarms;alarm 表「使警覺不安」。)

The diagnosis merely condemns whoever departs from the norm.

(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;condemn 表「譴責」;whoever 為複合關係代名詞,相當於 anyone who,引導名詞子句作 condemns 的受詞,同時在子句中作 departs 的主詞,故 whoever 後面直接接動詞 departs;depart from 表「偏離」。)

The diagnosis supposedly reveals sickness.

(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 diagnosis,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 reveals;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;sickness 指病態。)

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句與 by which:

Social pathology, which ... social body, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內的 by which poverty, crime, and disorder are explained as diseases of the social body 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,意思是「貧窮、犯罪與失序藉以被解釋為社會之病的取向」。which 指 approach,不是指 social pathology,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。三個並列主詞 poverty, crime, and disorder 後面用複數動詞 are。

not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 failing:

否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「問題源於不公的制度」,再提出這種取向真正的主張:個人是適應不良的病人。but that 之後,主詞 individuals 與謂語 should be treated 之間插入 failing to adapt to the norms of a healthy society,交代個人被視為病人的原因。這裡的現在分詞構句不接 that,而是接不定詞 to adapt,與前幾題 fearing that ... 的結構略有不同。後面 patients whom doctors diagnose and cure 的 whom 是限定關係代名詞,作 diagnose 與 cure 兩個動詞共同的受詞,所以 cure 後面不再接受詞。

so that 結果子句、限定 who 與省略的關係代名詞:

so that the poor who lose their jobs still bear the label of maladjustment for a misfortune they never caused 以 so that 表結果:因為把問題歸咎於個人,失業的窮人仍背負適應不良的標籤。who lose their jobs 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」窮人。a misfortune they never caused 省略了關係代名詞 that,還原為 a misfortune that they never caused,that 是 caused 的受詞,點出這是窮人從未造成的不幸。

although 讓步子句、非限定 whom、雙重 that 與 whoever:

although critics ... object 引出轉折:這種取向雖以醫學自居,批評者仍指出它只是在譴責異己。whom every medical metaphor about society alarms 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 alarms 的受詞,主詞置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the diagnosis that supposedly reveals sickness merely condemns whoever departs from the norm 出現兩個 that:第一個是連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,作 reveals 的主詞。句尾 whoever departs from the norm 是名詞子句,作 condemns 的受詞,whoever 在子句內又是 departs 的主詞,所以不需另外的先行詞。

● 參考翻譯

社會病態(社會學家將它定義為把貧窮、犯罪與失序解釋成社會有機體之疾病的取向)所主張的,並非這些麻煩源自不公正的制度安排,而是個人(未能適應健康社會的規範)應當被當成醫生診斷並治療的病人,以致失去工作的窮人,仍要為自己從未造成的不幸背負適應不良的標籤;儘管批評者(每一種把社會比作身體的醫學隱喻都令他們警覺)反駁說,那套據稱能揭露病態的診斷,其實只是在譴責一切偏離常規的人。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。

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