社會現象學 Social Phenomenology

 社會現象學 Social Phenomenology

● 字源

Social 來自拉丁文 socialis（同伴的），源於 socius（夥伴）。Phenomenology 由 phenomenon 加 -logy 構成。Phenomenon 來自晚期拉丁文 phaenomenon，源於希臘文 phainomenon（顯現的事物），是動詞 phainesthai（顯現、出現）的現在分詞，再追溯到 phainein（使顯現、帶來光亮）。-logy 源於希臘文 logos（話語、道理），表「學問」。同源詞有 phantom、fantasy、emphasis、diaphanous（以上出自 phainein），以及 biology、logic、dialogue（以上出自 logos），另有 society、associate、sociable、sociology（以上出自 socius）。這個詞組指把胡塞爾（Edmund Husserl）的現象學方法用來探討社會生活如何在人的意識與日常經驗中被建構的取向，由舒茲（Alfred Schutz）於二十世紀中葉開創，其後伯格（Peter Berger）與盧克曼（Thomas Luckmann）的《現實的社會建構》使它廣為人知。中文譯為「社會現象學」，是不可數名詞。

● 例句（90字長句）

Social phenomenology, which scholars define as the approach by which the everyday world is analyzed as a reality that people themselves construct through shared meanings, holds not that society exists apart from the minds of its members but that individuals, assuming that their neighbors see the world as they do, treat customs they never questioned as facts of nature, so that a greeting which seems trivial still carries a whole structure of mutual expectation, although critics, whom every claim about subjective experience troubles, object that the meanings that supposedly build society merely describe what the observer already believes.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Social phenomenology,

which scholars define as the approach

by which the everyday world is analyzed as a reality

that people themselves construct through shared meanings,

holds

not that society exists apart from the minds of its members

but that individuals,

assuming that their neighbors see the world as they do,

treat customs they never questioned as facts of nature,

so that a greeting which seems trivial

still carries a whole structure of mutual expectation,

although critics,

whom every claim about subjective experience troubles,

object

that the meanings that supposedly build society merely describe what the observer already believes.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Social phenomenology holds something.

（全句主幹：主詞 social phenomenology，謂語 holds；後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句，說明這門取向的主張。）

Scholars define social phenomenology as the approach.

（which 為非限定關係代名詞，指 social phenomenology，在子句中作 define 的受詞；define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」；approach 指研究取向。）

The everyday world is analyzed as a reality by the approach.

（by which 為「介系詞＋關係代名詞」，which 指 approach，還原後為 by the approach；is analyzed 為被動語態；analyze A as B 表「把 A 當作 B 來分析」；everyday world 指日常世界。）

People themselves construct the reality through shared meanings.

（that 為限定關係代名詞，指 reality，在子句中作 construct 的受詞，故 construct 後面不再接受詞；themselves 為強調用反身代名詞，強調正是人們自己建構；shared meanings 指共享的意義。）

Society exists apart from the minds of its members.

（not that 所否定的主張；此處 that 為連接詞，引導 holds 的受詞子句；apart from 表「與……分離」；its 指 society。）

Individuals treat customs as facts of nature.

（but that 引導肯定的主張，為 holds 的第二個受詞子句；treat A as B 表「把 A 當作 B」；facts of nature 指自然事實。）

Individuals never questioned the customs.

（customs 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that，完整為 customs that they never questioned，that 指 customs，在子句中作 questioned 的受詞，they 指 individuals。）

Individuals assume something.

（assuming that ... 為現在分詞構句，主詞同為 individuals，相當於 as they assume that ...，說明他們把習俗當自然的原因。）

Their neighbors see the world as they do.

（that 子句為 assume 的受詞；that 為連接詞，不擔任子句成分；as they do 的 do 代替 see the world，表「如同他們一樣」；their 指 individuals。）

A greeting still carries a whole structure of mutual expectation.

（so that 引導結果子句，表「以致」；carry 表「承載」；a whole structure of 表「一整套」；mutual expectation 指相互期待；still 表「仍然」。）

A greeting seems trivial.

（which 為限定關係代名詞，指 greeting，在子句中作主詞，所以 which 後面直接接動詞 seems；trivial 表「瑣碎的」，為主詞補語。）

Critics object something.

（although 引導讓步副詞子句；object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。）

Every claim about subjective experience troubles critics.

（whom 為非限定關係代名詞，指 critics，在子句中作 troubles 的受詞，故用受格 whom；every claim about subjective experience 為單數主詞，動詞用 troubles；subjective 表「主觀的」。）

The meanings merely describe something.

（that 子句的主幹；merely 表「不過只是」；describe 表「描述」，其受詞為下一句的 what 子句。）

The observer already believes something.

（what 為關係代名詞，相當於 the thing that，在子句中作 believes 的受詞，並同時作 describe 的受詞，故 what the observer already believes 整體為名詞子句；already 表「早已」。）

The meanings supposedly build society.

（第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞，指 meanings，在子句中作主詞，所以 that 後面直接接動詞 build；supposedly 表「據稱」，帶有質疑口吻。）

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句、by which 與限定 that：

Social phenomenology, which ... shared meanings, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義，再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內 by which the everyday world is analyzed as a reality 是「介系詞＋關係代名詞」結構，which 指 approach，不是指 social phenomenology。後面的 that people themselves construct through shared meanings 是限定子句，that 指 reality，作 construct 的受詞，所以 construct 後面只接 through 片語。閱讀時要把 which 與 that 兩層分清楚。

not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 assuming：

否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句：先否定「社會獨立於成員的心智之外」，再提出真正的主張：個人把未曾質疑的習俗當成自然事實。but that 之後，主詞 individuals 與謂語 treat 之間插入 assuming that their neighbors see the world as they do，交代習俗被視為自然的原因：人人都預設別人與自己看法相同。customs they never questioned 省略了 that，是限定關係子句。

so that 結果子句與限定 which：

so that a greeting which seems trivial still carries a whole structure of mutual expectation 以 so that 表結果：因為共享的預設，連瑣碎的問候也承載著整套期待。which seems trivial 是限定子句，which 作子句主詞，限定「哪一種」問候，也就是看似微不足道的那種，與前面「未曾質疑的習俗」前後呼應。

although 讓步子句、非限定 whom、雙重 that 與 what 子句：

although critics ... object 引出轉折：這種取向雖揭露社會的建構，批評者仍質疑它缺乏客觀檢驗。whom every claim about subjective experience troubles 是非限定關係子句，whom 在子句中作 troubles 的受詞，主詞置於 whom 之後，是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the meanings that supposedly build society merely describe what the observer already believes 出現兩個 that：第一個是連接詞，第二個是限定關係代名詞，作 build 的主詞。句尾 what the observer already believes 是名詞子句，what 同時身兼 believes 的受詞與 describe 的受詞，不需另外的先行詞。

● 參考翻譯

社會現象學（學者將它定義為把日常世界當作人們自己透過共享意義所建構的現實來分析的取向）所主張的，並非社會獨立於其成員的心智之外而存在，而是個人（預設鄰居與自己看世界的方式相同）把自己從未質疑的習俗當成自然事實，以致一句看似瑣碎的問候，仍承載著一整套相互期待的結構；儘管批評者（每一項關於主觀經驗的主張都令他們不安）反駁說，那些據稱建構了社會的意義，其實只是在描述觀察者早已相信的東西。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句，只看分解出來的短句小句，試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。