社會哲學 Social Philosophy

 社會哲學 Social Philosophy

● 字源

Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Philosophy 來自古法文 philosophie,源於拉丁文 philosophia,再源於希臘文 philosophia(愛智慧),由 philos(愛、朋友)加 sophia(智慧)構成,傳說最早用這個詞自稱的是畢達哥拉斯(Pythagoras),他不敢自稱「智者」(sophos),只自稱「愛智者」。同源詞有 philanthropy、bibliophile、Philadelphia(以上出自 philos),以及 sophisticated、sophomore、sophist(以上出自 sophia),另有 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指以哲學方法探討社會制度、正義、平等、自由、權力與人際關係的學問,與政治哲學、倫理學相鄰,在十九、二十世紀隨著黑格爾、馬克思,以及法蘭克福學派(如阿多諾 Theodor Adorno、哈伯馬斯 Jürgen Habermas)的發展而成為重要領域。中文譯為「社會哲學」,是不可數名詞。

● 例句(90字長句)

Social philosophy, which thinkers define as the discipline by which the foundations of social institutions are examined through reasoned argument, holds not that existing arrangements are justified because they endure but that citizens, believing that a just society must withstand honest questioning, should ask what institutions owe to the people they govern, so that rules which appear natural and permanent still face scrutiny from those who live under them, although critics, whom every abstract principle exasperates, object that the theory that supposedly guides reform merely flatters the comfortable.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Social philosophy,

which thinkers define as the discipline

by which the foundations of social institutions are examined through reasoned argument,

holds

not that existing arrangements are justified because they endure

but that citizens,

believing that a just society must withstand honest questioning,

should ask what institutions owe to the people they govern,

so that rules which appear natural and permanent

still face scrutiny from those who live under them,

although critics,

whom every abstract principle exasperates,

object

that the theory that supposedly guides reform merely flatters the comfortable.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Social philosophy holds something.

(全句主幹:主詞 social philosophy,謂語 holds;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這門學問的主張。)

Thinkers define social philosophy as the discipline.

(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social philosophy,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;discipline 指學科。)

The foundations of social institutions are examined through reasoned argument by the discipline.

(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 discipline,還原後為 by the discipline;are examined 為被動語態;foundations 指根基;reasoned argument 指經過推理的論證。)

Existing arrangements are justified.

(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 holds 的受詞子句;are justified 為被動語態;existing 表「現存的」。)

Existing arrangements endure.

(because 引導原因副詞子句,為 not that 子句內部的原因,意思是「並非因為制度長存就正當」;they 指 existing arrangements;endure 表「持續存在」。)

Citizens should ask something.

(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 holds 的第二個受詞子句;should 表應然;ask 後接間接問句。)

Citizens believe something.

(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 citizens,相當於 as they believe that ...,說明他們提問的信念。)

A just society must withstand honest questioning.

(that 子句為 believe 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;must 表必然;withstand 表「經得起」;honest questioning 指誠實的質疑。)

Institutions owe something to the people.

(what 為疑問代名詞,在子句中作 owe 的受詞,故 ask what institutions owe to ... 為間接問句;owe A to B 表「欠 B 以 A」,指「對……負有責任」。)

Institutions govern the people.

(the people they govern 的 they 指 institutions;people 後省略了受格關係代名詞 whom 或 that,完整為 the people whom they govern,whom 指 people,在子句中作 govern 的受詞。)

Rules still face scrutiny from people.

(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;face scrutiny 表「面臨審視」;those 在還原時改為 people,指「那些人」;still 表「仍然」。)

Rules appear natural and permanent.

(which 為限定關係代名詞,指 rules,在子句中作主詞,所以 which 後面直接接動詞 appear;appear 後接形容詞 natural 與 permanent 作補語,表「看起來」。)

The people live under the rules.

(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 those,也就是「那些人」,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 live;live under 表「生活在……之下」;them 指 rules。)

Critics object something.

(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)

Every abstract principle exasperates critics.

(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 exasperates 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every abstract principle 為單數主詞,動詞用 exasperates;exasperate 表「激怒」。)

The theory merely flatters the comfortable.

(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;flatter 表「奉承」;the comfortable 為「the + 形容詞」,表「生活安逸的人」。)

The theory supposedly guides reform.

(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 theory,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 guides;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;guide 表「引導」。)

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句與 by which:

Social philosophy, which ... reasoned argument, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內的 by which the foundations of social institutions are examined through reasoned argument 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,意思是「社會制度的根基藉以受到檢驗的學科」。which 指 discipline,不是指 social philosophy,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。

not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing:

否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「制度因為長存而正當」,再提出真正的主張:公民應該追問制度對被統治者負有什麼責任。第一個 that 子句內含 because they endure 的原因子句,否定的其實是「因為長存所以正當」這個推論。but that 之後,主詞 citizens 與謂語 should ask 之間插入 believing that a just society must withstand honest questioning,交代追問的信念。should ask what institutions owe to the people they govern 的 what 引導間接問句,作 ask 的受詞,what 在子句中又是 owe 的受詞,所以 owe 後面不再接受詞,只接 to 片語;the people they govern 省略了 whom,是第二層關係子句。

so that 結果子句與兩個限定關係子句:

so that rules which appear natural and permanent still face scrutiny from those who live under them 以 so that 表結果:因為公民持續追問,看似自然永恆的規則仍要接受檢驗。which appear natural and permanent 是限定子句,which 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」規則;those who live under them 的 those 指「那些人」,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪些人」,也就是生活在規則之下的人,點出檢驗者正是受規則約束的人。

although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:

although critics ... object 引出轉折:社會哲學雖然要檢驗制度,批評者仍認為它只是空談。whom every abstract principle exasperates 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 exasperates 的受詞,主詞 every abstract principle 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the theory that supposedly guides reform merely flatters the comfortable 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 guides 的主詞。

● 參考翻譯

社會哲學(思想家將它定義為透過有理據的論證來檢驗社會制度根基的學科)所主張的,並非現存的安排因為長久延續就是正當的,而是公民(相信公正的社會必須經得起誠實的質疑)應當追問制度對它們所統治的人民負有什麼責任,以致看似自然而永恆的規則,仍要面對生活在其下的人的審視;儘管批評者(每一項抽象原則都令他們惱火)反駁說,那套據稱能引導改革的理論,其實只是在奉承生活安逸的人。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。

留言

這個網誌中的熱門文章

古代三大陸 58個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句 說明古代三大陸由來

緬甸古都曼德勒故宮 63個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句

英格蘭大憲章 54個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句 說明美國要有成文憲法的原因