社會問題 Social Problems
社會問題 Social Problems
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Problem 來自古法文 problème,源於拉丁文 problema,再源於希臘文 problema(擺在面前的東西、待解的難題),由 pro-(向前)加 ballein(投、擲)構成,原指「被扔到眼前的障礙i」或「提出來待解的題目」。同源詞有 ball、ballistic、symbol、emblem、devil、parable(以上出自 ballein),以及 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指影響相當多人、被社會認為有害而需要集體處理的情況,如貧窮、犯罪、失業、歧視與環境破壞。社會學上有兩種看法:客觀論認為問題本身就存在於社會結構中;建構論(如斯佩克特 Malcolm Spector 與基特蘇斯 John Kitsuse 的主張)則強調,一種狀況要成為「問題」,必須先有人宣稱它是問題並促使社會關注。因為它指一整類現象,英語常用複數 social problems。中文譯為「社會問題」,是可數名詞(常用複數)。
● 例句(80字長句)
Social problems, which sociologists define as the conditions by which large numbers of people are harmed and about which society demands collective action, hold not that hardship happens only to the careless but that citizens, believing that private suffering often has public causes, should ask who profits when conditions persist, so that families who lose their homes still find their misfortune treated as a personal failing, although critics, whom every call for reform burdens, object that the problems that supposedly need solving merely reflect what activists choose to notice.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social problems,
which sociologists define as the conditions
by which large numbers of people are harmed
and about which society demands collective action,
hold
not that hardship happens only to the careless
but that citizens,
believing that private suffering often has public causes,
should ask who profits when conditions persist,
so that families who lose their homes
still find their misfortune treated as a personal failing,
although critics,
whom every call for reform burdens,
object
that the problems that supposedly need solving merely reflect what activists choose to notice.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social problems hold something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social problems 為複數,謂語用 hold;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 hold 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這個概念的主張。)
Sociologists define social problems as the conditions.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social problems,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;conditions 指狀況。)
Large numbers of people are harmed by the conditions.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 conditions,還原後為 by the conditions;are harmed 為被動語態;large numbers of 表「大量的」,後接複數動詞。)
Society demands collective action about the conditions.
(and about which 與前一個 by which 並列,兩者共同修飾 conditions;which 指 conditions,還原後為 about the conditions;demand 表「要求」;collective action 指集體行動;about 表「就……而言」。)
Hardship happens only to the careless.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 hold 的受詞子句;hardship 指困苦,為不可數名詞;happen to 表「發生在……身上」;the careless 為「the + 形容詞」,表「粗心的人」。)
Citizens should ask something.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 hold 的第二個受詞子句;should 表應然;ask 後接間接問句。)
Citizens believe something.
(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 citizens,相當於 as they believe that ...,說明提問的信念。)
Private suffering often has public causes.
(that 子句為 believe 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;private 與 public 形成對比;often 為頻率副詞,置於動詞前。)
Someone profits when conditions persist.
(who 為疑問代名詞,在子句中作 profits 的主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 profits,構成 ask who profits 的間接問句;when 引導時間副詞子句;persist 表「持續」;profit 表「獲利」。)
Families still find their misfortune treated as a personal failing.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;find + 受詞 + 過去分詞表「發現……被……」,此處 treated 為過去分詞補語;personal failing 指個人的缺失;still 表「仍然」。)
Families lose their homes.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 families,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 lose;their 指 families。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every call for reform burdens critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 burdens 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every call for reform 為單數主詞,動詞用 burdens;burden 表「使負擔」。)
The problems merely reflect something.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;reflect 表「反映」,其受詞為下一句的 what 子句。)
Activists choose to notice something.
(what 為關係代名詞,相當於 the thing that,在子句中作 notice 的受詞,同時作 reflect 的受詞,故 what activists choose to notice 整體為名詞子句;choose to + 原形動詞表「選擇去」;activists 指行動主義者。)
The problems supposedly need solving.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 problems,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 need;need solving 相當於 need to be solved,動名詞帶被動意義;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻。)
● 文法解析
複數主詞、非限定 which 與雙重介系詞 by which ... about which:
Social problems, which ... collective action, hold 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 hold 交代主幹。因為主詞 social problems 是複數,動詞用 hold,不加 s,這是與前幾題不同之處。which 指 social problems,子句中 conditions 之後有兩個並列的「介系詞+關係代名詞」:by which 與 about which,兩個 which 都指 conditions,用 and 連接,一個交代「受害」,一個交代「社會要求行動」。閱讀時要把定義句的兩層 which 分清楚。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing:
否定與肯定的是 hold 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「困苦只發生在粗心的人身上」,再提出真正的主張:公民應追問誰從現況中獲利。but that 之後,主詞 citizens 與謂語 should ask 之間插入 believing that private suffering often has public causes,交代追問的信念。should ask who profits when conditions persist 的 who 是疑問代名詞,引導間接問句,作 ask 的受詞,並在子句內作 profits 的主詞;when conditions persist 是其內部的時間副詞子句。
so that 結果子句、限定 who 與 find ... treated:
so that families who lose their homes still find their misfortune treated as a personal failing 以 so that 表結果:因為私人苦難的公共成因沒被看見,失去住所的家庭仍被當成個人失敗。who lose their homes 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」家庭。find their misfortune treated as ... 是 find + 受詞 + 過去分詞,表「發現不幸被如此對待」,treated 與 misfortune 之間是被動關係。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom、雙重 that 與 what 子句:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:社會問題雖被提出,批評者仍質疑它們只是關注的產物,與社會建構論的觀點相呼應。whom every call for reform burdens 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 burdens 的受詞,主詞 every call for reform 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the problems that supposedly need solving merely reflect what activists choose to notice 出現兩個 that:第一個是連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,作 need 的主詞。句尾 what activists choose to notice 是名詞子句,what 在子句內是 notice 的受詞,整個子句作 reflect 的受詞,不需另外的先行詞。
● 參考翻譯
社會問題(社會學家將它定義為使大量人口受害、且社會要求集體行動的狀況)所主張的,並非困苦只發生在粗心的人身上,而是公民(相信私人的苦難往往有公共的成因)應當追問,當這些狀況持續時,誰從中獲利,以致失去住所的家庭,仍發現自己的不幸被當成個人的缺失;儘管批評者(每一項改革的呼籲都讓他們感到負擔)反駁說,那些據稱需要解決的問題,其實只是在反映行動者選擇去注意的東西。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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