社會心理學 Social Psychology
社會心理學 Social Psychology
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Psychology 由希臘文 psyche(靈魂、心靈)加 -logia(學問、論述)構成,其中 psyche 本義為「呼吸、生命之氣」,logia 源於 logos(話語、道理);這個詞在十六世紀末以新拉丁文 psychologia 出現,後經十八世紀德國哲學家沃爾夫(Christian Wolff)推廣而普及。同源詞有 psychic、psychiatry、psychopath(以上出自 psyche),以及 biology、geology、logic、dialogue(以上出自 logos),另有 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指研究個人的思想、感受與行為如何受他人真實、想像或隱含的存在所影響的學科,二十世紀初由麥獨孤(William McDougall)與羅斯(Edward Ross)的同名著作奠基,其後因勒溫(Kurt Lewin)、阿希(Solomon Asch)、米爾格蘭(Stanley Milgram)等人的實驗而成為實證科學。中文譯為「社會心理學」,是不可數名詞。
● 例句(90字長句)
Social psychology, which researchers define as the science by which the influence of other people on individual thought and behavior is studied through controlled experiments, holds not that people act chiefly from fixed personal traits but that individuals, fearing that open disagreement would bring ridicule or exclusion, often conform to groups whose opinions they privately doubt, so that witnesses who see an obvious error still repeat the majority's answer, although critics, whom every laboratory result about human nature troubles, object that the behavior that supposedly reveals universal tendencies merely reflects students who volunteered for the study.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social psychology,
which researchers define as the science
by which the influence of other people on individual thought and behavior is studied through controlled experiments,
holds
not that people act chiefly from fixed personal traits
but that individuals,
fearing that open disagreement would bring ridicule or exclusion,
often conform to groups whose opinions they privately doubt,
so that witnesses who see an obvious error
still repeat the majority's answer,
although critics,
whom every laboratory result about human nature troubles,
object
that the behavior that supposedly reveals universal tendencies merely reflects students who volunteered for the study.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social psychology holds something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social psychology,謂語 holds;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這門學科的主張。)
Researchers define social psychology as the science.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social psychology,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;science 指科學。)
The influence of other people on individual thought and behavior is studied through controlled experiments by the science.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 science,還原後為 by the science;is studied 為被動語態;influence on 表「對……的影響」;controlled experiments 指控制實驗。)
People act chiefly from fixed personal traits.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 holds 的受詞子句;act from 表「出於……而行動」;chiefly 表「主要地」;fixed 表「固定的」。)
Individuals often conform to groups.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 holds 的第二個受詞子句;conform to 表「順從」;often 為頻率副詞,置於動詞前。)
Individuals fear something.
(fearing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 individuals,相當於 as they fear that ...,說明從眾的動機。)
Open disagreement would bring ridicule or exclusion.
(that 子句為 fear 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;would 表推測的假設;bring 表「帶來」;ridicule 指嘲笑,exclusion 指排擠。)
Individuals privately doubt the opinions of groups.
(whose 為所有格關係代名詞,指 groups,修飾 opinions,故 whose opinions 還原為 the opinions of groups;they 指 individuals;privately 表「私下地」;doubt 表「懷疑」。)
Witnesses still repeat the majority's answer.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;repeat 表「重複」;the majority's answer 指多數人的答案;still 表「仍然」。)
Witnesses see an obvious error.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 witnesses,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 see;obvious 表「明顯的」。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every laboratory result about human nature troubles critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every laboratory result about human nature 為單數主詞,動詞用 troubles。)
The behavior merely reflects students.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;reflect 表「反映」。)
The behavior supposedly reveals universal tendencies.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 behavior,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 reveals;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;universal 表「普遍的」。)
Students volunteered for the study.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 students,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 volunteered;volunteer for 表「自願參加」。)
● 文法解析
非限定 which 子句與 by which:
Social psychology, which ... controlled experiments, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內的 by which the influence of other people on individual thought and behavior is studied through controlled experiments 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,意思是「他人對個人思想與行為的影響藉以被研究的科學」。which 指 science,不是指 social psychology,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 fearing:
否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「人主要依固定特質行事」,再提出真正的主張:個人常因情境壓力而從眾。but that 之後,主詞 individuals 與謂語 conform 之間插入 fearing that open disagreement would bring ridicule or exclusion,交代從眾的動機。兩個 that 與 fearing 後的 that 都是連接詞,不擔任子句成分。
所有格關係代名詞 whose 與 so that 結果子句:
conform to groups whose opinions they privately doubt 中,whose 指 groups,修飾 opinions,同時 whose opinions 整體是 doubt 的受詞,所以 doubt 後面不再接受詞。這是限定關係子句,限定「哪一種」團體:成員私下並不認同的那種。so that witnesses who see an obvious error still repeat the majority's answer 以 so that 表結果:因為怕被排擠,連看見明顯錯誤的目擊者也跟著說多數人的答案。who see an obvious error 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」目擊者。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:實驗雖然顯示從眾,批評者仍質疑結論能否推廣。whom every laboratory result about human nature troubles 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,主詞 every laboratory result about human nature 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the behavior that supposedly reveals universal tendencies merely reflects students who volunteered for the study 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 reveals 的主詞;句尾的 who volunteered for the study 又是限定子句,who 作主詞,限定「哪些」學生。
● 參考翻譯
社會心理學(研究者將它定義為透過控制實驗來研究他人對個人思想與行為之影響的科學)所主張的,並非人們主要依固定的個人特質行事,而是個人(害怕公開表達異議會招來嘲笑或排擠)常常順從那些自己私下並不認同其意見的團體,以致看見明顯錯誤的目擊者,仍重複多數人的答案;儘管批評者(每一項關於人性的實驗結果都令他們不安)反駁說,那種據稱揭示普遍傾向的行為,其實只反映了自願參加研究的學生。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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