社會住宅 Social Residence/housing

社會住宅 Social Residence/housing 

● 字源

Social 來自拉丁文 socialis（同伴的、群居的），源於 socius（夥伴、同伴）。Residence 來自拉丁文 residentia（居住、停留），源於動詞 residere（坐下、定居），由 re-（回、再）與 sedere（坐）構成。同源詞有 reside（居住）、resident（居民）、residual（剩餘的）、sedentary（久坐的）、sediment（沉積物）、session（會議、開庭）、preside（主持）、subside（下沉、平息）等。這個詞組在英語中更常稱為 social housing，指由政府、公營機構或非營利組織提供、以低於市場租金供給弱勢或中低收入家庭的住宅；其目的不是把住宅當作投資商品，而是把居住視為基本生活條件。各國制度不同，英國常稱 council housing 或 social housing，美國常稱 public housing 或 subsidised housing，澳洲、加拿大、德國與英國也常使用 social housing；OECD 將其界定為以低於市場價格提供、並依需求或候補名單等規則分配的租賃住宅。�

中文譯為「社會住宅」，但要注意：residence 在此指「居住處所、住宅」，通常為可數名詞；若指「居住」這個狀態或行為，則常為不可數名詞。此處的 social 不是「社交的」，而是「社會性的、公共照顧性的」；因此 social residence 直譯為「社會性住宅」，但國際政策語境中較自然的說法是 social housing。

● 例句（80字長句）

Social residence, which governments provide as housing whose rents remain below market levels so that families excluded by private landlords can still obtain secure homes, rests not on the belief that poverty results from personal failure but on the conviction that shelter, which every household needs before it can pursue work, education, or health, should be protected from speculation, although developers, whose profits depend upon rising land values, argue that such housing distorts markets and burdens taxpayers.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Social residence,

which governments provide as housing

whose rents remain below market levels

so that families excluded by private landlords

can still obtain secure homes,

rests

not on the belief

that poverty results from personal failure

but on the conviction

that shelter,

which every household needs

before it can pursue work, education, or health,

should be protected from speculation,

although developers,

whose profits depend upon rising land values,

argue

that such housing distorts markets

and burdens taxpayers.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Social residence rests on something.

（全句主幹：主詞 social residence，動詞 rests，加 s；rest on 表「建立在……之上、依賴……」。）

Governments provide social residence as housing.

（which 為非限定關係代名詞，指 social residence，在子句中作 provide 的受詞；還原後為 governments provide social residence as housing；provide A as B 表「將 A 作為 B 來提供」。）

The rents of the housing remain below market levels.

（whose 為關係代名詞的所有格形式，指 housing，還原後為 the rents of the housing；remain 為連綴動詞，後接介系詞片語 below market levels 作主詞補語；market levels 表「市場水準」。）

Families are excluded by private landlords.

（so that 引導目的或結果子句；excluded 為過去分詞，構成被動語態 are excluded；private landlords 表「私人房東」。）

Families can still obtain secure homes.

（can 表能力或可能性；still 表「仍然」；obtain 表「取得、獲得」；secure homes 表「安穩的住所」。）

Poverty results from personal failure.

（not on the belief that ... 為 rests on 的第一個受詞；that 為連接詞，引導 belief 的同位語子句；result from 表「由……造成、源於」。）

Social residence rests on the conviction.

（but on the conviction that ... 為 rests on 的第二個受詞，與 not on the belief 對比；conviction 表「堅定信念」。）

Shelter should be protected from speculation.

（that 為連接詞，引導 conviction 的同位語子句；shelter 為不可數名詞，表「住所、庇護」；should be protected 為被動語態；speculation 表「投機」。）

Every household needs shelter.

（which 為非限定關係代名詞，指 shelter，在子句中作 needs 的受詞；every household 為單數主詞，動詞用 needs。）

A household can pursue work, education, or health after that.

（before 引導時間子句，表「在……之前」；pursue 表「追求、從事」；work, education, or health 為三個並列受詞。）

Developers argue something.

（although 引導讓步副詞子句；argue that ... 的 that 子句為 argue 的內容；developers 表「開發商」。）

Developers’ profits depend upon rising land values.

（whose 為關係代名詞所有格，指 developers，還原後為 the profits of the developers；depend upon 表「依賴」；rising 為現在分詞作形容詞，修飾 land values。）

Such housing distorts markets.

（that 為連接詞，引導 argue 的受詞子句；such housing 表「這種住宅」；distort 表「扭曲」。）

Such housing burdens taxpayers.

（and 連接 distorts 與 burdens 兩個並列動詞，共用同一主詞 such housing；burden 表「使……承受負擔」；taxpayers 表「納稅人」。）

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句與 whose 所有格

Social residence, which governments provide as housing whose rents remain below market levels so that families excluded by private landlords can still obtain secure homes, rests ... 先以非限定 which 子句補充說明社會住宅的供給者與目的，再回到主幹 rests。子句中的 whose rents remain below market levels 是所有格關係子句：whose 指 housing，還原後為 the rents of the housing。後面的 so that families excluded by private landlords can still obtain secure homes 表目的或結果；excluded by private landlords 是過去分詞片語，修飾 families，相當於 families who are excluded by private landlords。

not on ... but on ... 與同位語 that 子句

主幹 rests not on the belief that poverty results from personal failure but on the conviction that shelter ... should be protected from speculation 使用「not on A but on B」的對比結構。第一個 that 子句說明被否定的信念：貧窮源於個人失敗；第二個 that 子句說明被肯定的理念：居住應受到保護、免於投機。這裡的兩個 that 都是連接詞，不是關係代名詞，因為它們在子句中不擔任主詞、受詞或補語。

非限定 which 子句與 before 時間子句

shelter, which every household needs before it can pursue work, education, or health, should be protected from speculation 中，which 指 shelter，在子句中作 needs 的受詞。before it can pursue work, education, or health 是時間子句，it 指 every household；句意是：家庭必須先有安穩住所，才可能追求工作、教育或健康。主句的 should be protected from speculation 使用被動語態，強調 shelter 是被保護的對象。

although 讓步子句、whose 與並列動詞

although developers, whose profits depend upon rising land values, argue that such housing distorts markets and burdens taxpayers 中，although 引出反對立場。whose profits depend upon rising land values 是非限定關係子句，whose 指 developers，還原後為 the profits of the developers。最後的 that 子句有兩個並列動詞：distorts 與 burdens，共用主詞 such housing；and 連接的是兩個動詞片語，而不是兩個子句。

● 參考翻譯

社會住宅（政府將其作為租金低於市場水準的住宅來提供，使被私人房東排除在外的家庭仍能取得安穩住所）所依據的，並非貧窮源於個人失敗的信念，而是一種堅定主張：住所（每個家庭都必須先擁有它，才能追求工作、教育或健康）應當受到保護、免於投機；儘管開發商（其利潤依賴不斷上升的土地價值）主張，這種住宅會扭曲市場並使納稅人承受負擔。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句，只看分解出來的短句小句，試著倒回去寫出完整長句：

Social residence rests on something.

Governments provide social residence as housing.

The rents of the housing remain below market levels.

Families are excluded by private landlords.

Families can still obtain secure homes.

Poverty results from personal failure.

Social residence rests on the conviction.

Shelter should be protected from speculation.

Every household needs shelter.

A household can pursue work, education, or health after that.

Developers argue something.

Developers’ profits depend upon rising land values.

Such housing distorts markets.

Such housing burdens taxpayers.

將這些短句合併時，可依下列順序：

先用 which governments provide as housing ... 把第 2、3、4、5 句變成修飾 social residence 的非限定子句。

再用 rests not on the belief that ... but on the conviction that ... 把第 6、7、8 句連成主幹。

用 which every household needs before it can pursue ... 把第 9、10 句插入 shelter 之後。

最後用 although developers, whose profits ..., argue that ... and ... 把第 11 至 14 句變成讓步子句。

完成後即得：

Social residence, which governments provide as housing whose rents remain below market levels so that families excluded by private landlords can still obtain secure homes, rests not on the belief that poverty results from personal failure but on the conviction that shelter, which every household needs before it can pursue work, education, or health, should be protected from speculation, although developers, whose profits depend upon rising land values, argue that such housing distorts markets and burdens taxpayers.

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