社會科學 Social Science
社會科學 Social Science
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(社會的、群居的),源於 socius(夥伴、同伴);同源詞有 society(社會)、sociology(社會學)、associate(結交、同事)、socioeconomic(社會經濟的)。
Science 來自拉丁文 scientia(知識、學問),源自動詞 scire(知道),原意為「區分、辨別」;同源詞有 scientific(科學的)、conscience(良心)、conscious(有意識的)、prescience(先見之明)。
這個詞組指「研究人類社會現象、社會關係、制度結構與群體行為的學門」,包含學門如社會學、經濟學、政治學、心理學與人類學等。它不僅關注客觀數據與經驗事實的收集,也致力於理解人類行為背後的文化意涵、權力結構與制度演變。
中文譯為「社會科學」。在學術討論中,常以單數型態 social science 指稱「社會科學這一整體學門領域」;若強調其中「各個不同的具體分科」(如政治學、經濟學等),則常以複數 social sciences 呈現。
● 例句(80字長句)
Social science, which scholars advance by synthesizing the evidence that field observations yield, the theories that historical analyses produce, and the data that surveys generate, examines not merely how institutions operate but why cultures evolve within networks that shape human agency, so that policymakers design informed interventions, while philosophers, who question that objective methods capture subjective experiences, warn that paradigms can blind researchers to context.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social science,
which scholars advance
by synthesizing
the evidence that field observations yield,
the theories that historical analyses produce,
and the data that surveys generate,
examines
not merely how institutions operate
but why cultures evolve
within networks
that shape human agency,
so that policymakers design informed interventions,
while philosophers,
who question that objective methods capture subjective experiences,
warn
that paradigms can blind researchers to context.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social science examines something.
(全句主幹:主詞 Social science,動詞 examines,加 s;social science 在此為不可數抽象名詞。)
Scholars advance social science.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social science,在子句中作 advance 的受詞;還原後為 scholars advance social science。)
Scholars synthesize the evidence, the theories, and the data.
(by synthesizing 為介系詞 by 加動名詞,表「透過綜合/整合……的方式」;三個受詞以 and 並列。)
Field observations yield the evidence.
(第一個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 evidence,在子句中作 yield 的受詞;yield 表「產出、提供」。)
Historical analyses produce the theories.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 theories,在子句中作 produce 的受詞;produce 表「產生、推導出」。)
Surveys generate the data.
(第三個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 data,在子句中作 generate 的受詞;generate 表「收集、產生」。)
Institutions operate somehow.
(not merely how institutions operate 為 examines 的第一個受詞;how 引導名詞子句;operate 表「運作」。)
Cultures evolve for some reasons.
(but why cultures evolve 為 examines 的第二個受詞;why 引導名詞子句;evolve 表「演化、發展」。)
Cultures evolve within networks.
(within 表「在……之中、在……網絡內」;networks 表「社會網絡、關係結構」。)
Networks shape human agency.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 networks,在子句中作主詞,故 that 後直接接動詞 shape;human agency 表「人的主觀能動性/自主權」。)
Policymakers design informed interventions.
(so that 引導結果子句;design 表「制定、設計」;informed interventions 表「根據充分資訊/理據所採行的干預政策措施」。)
Philosophers question something.
(while 引導對比或讓步子句;question 作動詞,表「質疑」;philosophers 表「哲學家」。)
Objective methods capture subjective experiences.
(that 為連接詞,引導 question 的受詞子句;objective methods 表「客觀方法」;capture 表「捕捉、呈現」;subjective experiences 表「主觀經驗」。)
Philosophers warn something.
(warn that ... 的 that 子句為 warn 的內容;warn 表「警告、提醒」。)
Paradigms can blind researchers to context.
(that 為連接詞,引導 warn 的受詞子句;paradigms 表「典範、思考模式」;blind A to B 表「使 A 盲目而無視 B」;context 表「脈絡、背景語境」。)
● 文法解析
1. 非限定 which 子句與三個限定 that 子句
Social science, which scholars advance by synthesizing the evidence that field observations yield, the theories that historical analyses produce, and the data that surveys generate, examines ...
先以非限定 which 子句說明社會科學的推動途徑,再回到主要動詞 examines。子句中的三個 that 都是限定關係代名詞,分別指 evidence、theories 與 data,並且都在各自的子句中作動詞受詞:field observations yield the evidence、historical analyses produce the theories、surveys generate the data。因此每個 that 後面都直接接主詞,動詞後切勿再重複加受詞代名詞(如不可寫成 that field observations yield it)。
2. not merely ... but ... 與名詞子句
主幹 examines not merely how institutions operate but why cultures evolve within networks that shape human agency 使用 not merely A but B(不只 A,更是 B)的對比平行結構。第一個受詞是 how institutions operate,由疑問副詞 how 引導的名詞子句;第二個受詞是 why cultures evolve within networks ...,由 why 引導的名詞子句。第三個 that 則是限定關係代名詞,指 networks,並在子句中作主詞(that shape ...)。
3. so that 結果子句與動態片語
so that policymakers design informed interventions 表示結果:因為社會科學揭示了制度運作與文化演化的規律,決策者因而能制定出有實證依據的干預政策措施。informed 為過去分詞轉形容詞,修飾 interventions,意為「基於充份資訊/學理依據的」。
4. while 對比子句、who 限定子句與 that 名詞子句
while philosophers, who question that objective methods capture subjective experiences, warn that paradigms can blind researchers to context 中,while 引出對比:社會科學旨在提供決策依據,但哲學家則提醒客觀方法的局限。who question that ... 是限定關係子句,who 指 philosophers 並作主詞。句中的第一個 that 是連接詞,引導 question 的內容;第二個 that 也是連接詞,引導 warn 的內容。句末的 blind A to B 表示「使 A(研究者)盲目而忽視 B(脈絡/語境)」。
● 參考翻譯
社會科學(學者透過綜合田野觀察所提供的證據、歷史分析所產生的理論,以及問卷調查所收集的數據來推動)所探討的,不只是制度如何運作,更是文化為何在塑造人類能動性的網絡中演變,使得政策制定者能設計出有理據的干預措施;然而,哲學家(質疑客觀方法能否捕捉主觀經驗)警告,思考典範可能會使研究者忽視具體的脈絡語境。
● 逆向工程
請不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句,試著倒回去寫出完整長句:
Social science examines something.
Scholars advance social science.
Scholars synthesize the evidence, the theories, and the data.
Field observations yield the evidence.
Historical analyses produce the theories.
Surveys generate the data.
Institutions operate somehow.
Cultures evolve for some reasons.
Cultures evolve within networks.
Networks shape human agency.
Policymakers design informed interventions.
Philosophers question something.
Objective methods capture subjective experiences.
Philosophers warn something.
Paradigms can blind researchers to context.
組合順序提示:
先用 which scholars advance by synthesizing ... 把第 2、3 句變成修飾 social science 的非限定子句。
再用三個限定 that 子句,把第 4、5、6 句分別接在 evidence、theories、data 之後。
用 examines not merely how institutions ... but why cultures ... 把第 7、8、9 句連成主幹。
用 that shape human agency 把第 10 句接在 networks 之後。
用 so that policymakers design ... 把第 11 句變成結果子句。
最後用 while philosophers, who question that ..., warn that ... 把第 12 至 15 句變成對比子句。
完成後對照:
Social science, which scholars advance by synthesizing the evidence that field observations yield, the theories that historical analyses produce, and the data that surveys generate, examines not merely how institutions operate but why cultures evolve within networks that shape human agency, so that policymakers design informed interventions, while philosophers, who question that objective methods capture subjective experiences, warn that paradigms can blind researchers to context.
留言
張貼留言