社會安全 Social Security
社會安全 Social Security
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Security 來自拉丁文 securitas,源於 securus(無憂的、不擔心的),由 se-(離開、免於)加 cura(憂慮、照料)構成,原指「免於憂慮的狀態」。同源詞有 cure、curious、accurate、secure、sure、manicure(以上出自 cura),以及 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指國家藉由社會保險與公共津貼,在人民遭遇年老、疾病、失業、殘障或家人亡故時提供所得與生活保障的制度。十九世紀八〇年代德國俾斯麥(Otto von Bismarck)推動社會保險立法,是現代制度的開端;一九三五年美國羅斯福(Franklin D. Roosevelt)簽署《社會安全法》(Social Security Act),這個詞組隨之普及;一九四二年英國的《貝佛里奇報告》(Beveridge Report)則推動了福利國家的構想。在美國,Social Security 專指老年、遺屬與殘障保險;在多數其他國家,涵蓋範圍更廣,包括醫療與失業保險。中文譯為「社會安全」或「社會保障」,是不可數名詞。
● 例句(80字長句)
Social security, which governments define as the system by which workers' contributions are pooled for retirees and the disabled, holds not that old age is a private failing but that citizens, believing that nobody should fall into poverty through misfortune, should share risks that none could bear alone, so that elderly people who stopped working still receive a pension they helped fund, although critics, whom every payroll tax troubles, object that the promises that supposedly protect everyone merely burden the young.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social security,
which governments define as the system
by which workers' contributions are pooled for retirees and the disabled,
holds
not that old age is a private failing
but that citizens,
believing that nobody should fall into poverty through misfortune,
should share risks that none could bear alone,
so that elderly people who stopped working
still receive a pension they helped fund,
although critics,
whom every payroll tax troubles,
object
that the promises that supposedly protect everyone merely burden the young.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social security holds something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social security,謂語 holds;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這項制度的主張。)
Governments define social security as the system.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social security,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;system 指制度。)
Workers' contributions are pooled for retirees and the disabled by the system.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 system,還原後為 by the system;are pooled 為被動語態,pool 表「匯集」;contributions 指繳納的保險費;the disabled 為「the + 形容詞」,表「身心障礙者」。)
Old age is a private failing.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 holds 的受詞子句;private failing 指個人的缺失;old age 為不可數名詞,動詞用 is。)
Citizens should share risks.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 holds 的第二個受詞子句;should 表應然;share 表「分擔」;risks 指風險。)
Citizens believe something.
(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 citizens,相當於 as they believe that ...,說明分擔風險的信念。)
Nobody should fall into poverty through misfortune.
(that 子句為 believe 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;nobody 為單數不定代名詞;fall into 表「陷入」;through misfortune 表「因不幸之故」。)
None could bear the risks alone.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 risks,在子句中作 bear 的受詞,故 bear 後面不再接受詞;none 為代名詞,指「沒有任何人」;could 表能力的過去式,帶假設語氣;alone 為副詞,表「單獨地」。)
Elderly people still receive a pension.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;elderly people 指年長者,視為複數;receive 表「領取」;pension 指退休金;still 表「仍然」。)
Elderly people stopped working.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 elderly people,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 stopped;stop working 表「停止工作」,stop 後接動名詞。)
Elderly people helped fund the pension.
(pension 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that,完整為 a pension that they helped fund,that 指 pension,在子句中作 fund 的受詞,they 指 elderly people;help + 原形動詞表「幫助做」,fund 表「出資」。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every payroll tax troubles critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every payroll tax 為單數主詞,動詞用 troubles;payroll tax 指薪資稅。)
The promises merely burden the young.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;burden 表「使負擔」;the young 為「the + 形容詞」,表「年輕人」。)
The promises supposedly protect everyone.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 promises,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 protect;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;everyone 為單數代名詞,卻指所有人。)
● 文法解析
非限定 which 子句與 by which:
Social security, which ... the disabled, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內的 by which workers' contributions are pooled for retirees and the disabled 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,意思是「工作者的繳費藉以被匯集起來的制度」。which 指 system,不是指 social security,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing:
否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「老年是個人的失敗」,再提出真正的主張:公民應當分擔風險。but that 之後,主詞 citizens 與謂語 should share 之間插入 believing that nobody should fall into poverty through misfortune,交代分擔的信念。這句裡 should 出現兩次,第一次在 believing 之後的 that 子句內,第二次是 citizens 的主要動詞,不要混淆。risks that none could bear alone 的 that 是限定關係代名詞,作 bear 的受詞,所以 bear 後面只接副詞 alone。
so that 結果子句、限定 who 與省略的關係代名詞:
so that elderly people who stopped working still receive a pension they helped fund 以 so that 表結果:因為風險由眾人分擔,已停止工作的老人仍能領到退休金。who stopped working 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」老人。a pension they helped fund 省略了關係代名詞 that,還原為 a pension that they helped fund,that 是 fund 的受詞,點出這筆退休金部分來自他們自己過去的繳費。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:制度雖然提供保障,批評者仍質疑它把負擔轉嫁給下一代。whom every payroll tax troubles 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,主詞 every payroll tax 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the promises that supposedly protect everyone merely burden the young 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 protect 的主詞,所以後面直接接動詞。句尾的 the young 是「the + 形容詞」,指年輕世代,與前面的 elderly people 形成對比。
● 參考翻譯
社會安全(政府將它定義為匯集工作者的繳費、用以照顧退休者與身心障礙者的制度)所主張的,並非老年是個人的失敗,而是公民(相信沒有人應該因為不幸而陷入貧困)應當分擔沒有任何人能獨自承擔的風險,以致已停止工作的老人,仍能領到自己曾經出資的退休金;儘管批評者(每一種薪資稅都令他們不安)反駁說,那些據稱保護所有人的承諾,其實只是在加重年輕人的負擔。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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