社會服務 Social Services
社會服務 Social Services
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Service 來自古法文 servise,源於拉丁文 servitium(奴役、服侍),是 servus(奴隸、僕人)的衍生詞,原指「為他人效勞」的狀態,後來意義逐漸轉為較中性的「服務、公共事業」。同源詞有 serve、servant、servile、servitude、sergeant、dessert(以上出自 servus 與 servire),以及 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指政府或民間機構為有需要的個人與家庭所提供的公共協助,如兒童保護、老人照顧、身心障礙支持、家庭輔導、就業協助與心理健康服務,通常由社會工作者(social worker)執行,與提供現金給付的社會安全制度相輔相成。它的源頭可上溯至十九世紀英國的慈善組織協會(Charity Organisation Society)與睦鄰運動(settlement movement),後者以美國亞當斯(Jane Addams)創辦的赫爾館(Hull House)最為著名。因為它指一整類服務,英語多用複數 social services。中文譯為「社會服務」,是可數名詞(常用複數)。
● 例句(80字長句)
Social services, which governments define as the programs by which trained workers assist families who cannot meet their basic needs alone, hold not that poverty reflects weak character but that citizens, believing that a decent society must support those in crisis, should fund help that reaches people before their troubles become disasters, so that children who suffer neglect still find a caseworker they can trust, although critics, whom every expanding agency worries, object that the services that supposedly empower families merely make them depend on officials.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social services,
which governments define as the programs
by which trained workers assist families
who cannot meet their basic needs alone,
hold
not that poverty reflects weak character
but that citizens,
believing that a decent society must support those in crisis,
should fund help that reaches people
before their troubles become disasters,
so that children who suffer neglect
still find a caseworker they can trust,
although critics,
whom every expanding agency worries,
object
that the services that supposedly empower families merely make them depend on officials.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social services hold something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social services 為複數,謂語用 hold;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 hold 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這類服務的主張。)
Governments define social services as the programs.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social services,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;programs 指方案。)
Trained workers assist families by the programs.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 programs,還原後為 by the programs;trained workers 指受過訓練的工作者;assist 表「協助」。)
Families cannot meet their basic needs alone.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 families,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 cannot meet;meet needs 表「滿足需求」;basic needs 指基本需求;alone 表「單靠自己」。)
Poverty reflects weak character.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 hold 的受詞子句;reflect 表「反映」;weak character 指軟弱的品格;poverty 為不可數名詞,動詞用 reflects。)
Citizens should fund help.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 hold 的第二個受詞子句;should 表應然;fund 表「出資支持」;help 作名詞,指援助。)
Citizens believe something.
(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 citizens,相當於 as they believe that ...,說明出資的信念。)
A decent society must support those in crisis.
(that 子句為 believe 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;must 表必然;those in crisis 表「處於危機中的人」,those 指人,in crisis 為後置修飾。)
Help reaches people before their troubles become disasters.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 help,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 reaches;before 引導時間副詞子句,表「在……之前」;become 後接名詞 disasters 作補語。)
Children still find a caseworker.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;caseworker 指個案工作者;still 表「仍然」。)
Children suffer neglect.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 children,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 suffer;suffer neglect 表「遭受忽視」;neglect 為不可數名詞。)
Children can trust the caseworker.
(caseworker 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that,完整為 a caseworker that they can trust,that 指 caseworker,在子句中作 trust 的受詞,they 指 children;can 表可能。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every expanding agency worries critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 worries 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every expanding agency 為單數主詞,動詞用 worries;expanding 為現在分詞作形容詞,表「不斷擴張的」。)
The services merely make families depend on officials.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;make + 受詞 + 原形動詞表「使……做」,此處 them 指 families;depend on 表「依賴」;officials 指官員。)
The services supposedly empower families.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 services,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 empower;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;empower 表「賦予力量」。)
● 文法解析
複數主詞、非限定 which 與 by which:
Social services, which ... alone, hold 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 hold 交代主幹。主詞 social services 是複數,動詞用 hold,不加 s。子句內的 by which trained workers assist families 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,which 指 programs,不是指 social services,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。接著 families who cannot meet their basic needs alone 又加上第三層:who 指 families,作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」家庭。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing:
否定與肯定的是 hold 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「貧窮反映品格軟弱」,再提出真正的主張:公民應出資支持及早的援助。but that 之後,主詞 citizens 與謂語 should fund 之間插入 believing that a decent society must support those in crisis,交代出資的信念。help that reaches people before their troubles become disasters 的 that 是限定關係代名詞,作子句主詞,所以後面直接接動詞 reaches;before 子句則交代「及早」的意思,與社會服務重視預防的精神相呼應。
so that 結果子句、限定 who 與省略的關係代名詞:
so that children who suffer neglect still find a caseworker they can trust 以 so that 表結果:因為援助能及時送達,受忽視的孩子仍能找到可信賴的個案工作者。who suffer neglect 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」孩子。a caseworker they can trust 省略了關係代名詞 that,還原為 a caseworker that they can trust,that 是 trust 的受詞,所以 trust 後面不再接受詞。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:服務雖意在協助,批評者仍擔心造成依賴。whom every expanding agency worries 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 worries 的受詞,主詞 every expanding agency 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the services that supposedly empower families merely make them depend on officials 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 empower 的主詞。make them depend on officials 是使役動詞結構,make 後接受詞 them 與原形動詞 depend,不加 to。
● 參考翻譯
社會服務(政府將它定義為由受過訓練的工作者協助無法單靠自己滿足基本需求之家庭的方案)所主張的,並非貧窮反映品格軟弱,而是公民(相信一個像樣的社會必須支持處於危機中的人)應當出資支持那些在麻煩演變成災難之前就能送達的援助,以致遭受忽視的孩子,仍能找到一位自己可以信賴的個案工作者;儘管批評者(每一個不斷擴張的機構都令他們擔憂)反駁說,那些據稱賦予家庭力量的服務,其實只是讓他們依賴官員。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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