社會背景 Social Settings
社會背景 Social Settings
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Setting 是動詞 set 加 -ing 構成的名詞,set 來自古英語 settan(使坐下、安置),源於原始日耳曼語 satjan,是 sit(坐)的使役形式,再追溯到原始印歐語詞根 sed-(坐)。原指「被安放的狀態」,後來引申為「安放之處、環境、場景」,舞台與小說中的「場景」也由此而來。同源詞有 sit、seat、settle、saddle、session、reside、preside、sediment、cathedral(以上出自 sed- 一系),以及 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指人們互動時所處的情境與環境,如家庭、學校、職場、醫院、街坊與網路社群,每一種場合都帶有不同的規範、角色期待與行為方式。社會學與社會心理學強調,同一個人在不同場合會表現出不同的行為,因此要理解行為,就必須先看它發生在什麼場景,高夫曼(Erving Goffman)談「前台與後台」,巴克(Roger Barker)的「行為場景」(behavior setting)研究,都是代表。因為每個人同時身處多種場合,英語常用複數 social settings。中文譯為「社會背景」或「社會情境」,是可數名詞(常用複數)。
● 例句(80字長句)
Social settings, which sociologists define as the environments by which the expectations that guide human behavior are shaped and sustained, hold not that character alone determines how people act but that individuals, fearing that they will seem out of place among those who judge them, adjust their manners to the room they enter, so that a student who jokes freely with friends still speaks carefully before a teacher, although critics, whom every claim about situational influence troubles, object that the settings that supposedly explain conduct merely excuse choices that people make freely.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social settings,
which sociologists define as the environments
by which the expectations
that guide human behavior
are shaped and sustained,
hold
not that character alone determines how people act
but that individuals,
fearing that they will seem out of place among those who judge them,
adjust their manners to the room they enter,
so that a student who jokes freely with friends
still speaks carefully before a teacher,
although critics,
whom every claim about situational influence troubles,
object
that the settings that supposedly explain conduct merely excuse choices that people make freely.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social settings hold something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social settings 為複數,謂語用 hold;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 hold 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這個概念的主張。)
Sociologists define social settings as the environments.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social settings,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;environments 指環境。)
The expectations are shaped and sustained by the environments.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 environments,還原後為 by the environments;are shaped and sustained 為並列的被動語態,shape 表「塑造」,sustain 表「維繫」;expectations 為被動句的主詞,由下一句的 that 子句修飾。)
The expectations guide human behavior.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 expectations,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 guide;guide 表「引導」;human behavior 指人類行為。)
Character alone determines something.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 hold 的受詞子句;alone 為副詞,修飾 character,表「單憑」;determine 表「決定」。)
People act in some way.
(how 為疑問副詞,引導 determines 的受詞子句,how people act 整體為名詞子句;how 在子句內修飾 act,表「以何種方式」。)
Individuals adjust their manners to the room.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 hold 的第二個受詞子句;adjust A to B 表「使 A 配合 B」;manners 指舉止;the room 在此指所處的場合。)
Individuals enter the room.
(room 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that,完整為 the room that they enter,that 指 room,在子句中作 enter 的受詞,they 指 individuals。)
Individuals fear something.
(fearing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 individuals,相當於 as they fear that ...,說明調整舉止的動機。)
They will seem out of place among those.
(that 子句為 fear 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;they 指 individuals;will 表對未來的擔憂;seem out of place 表「顯得格格不入」;those 指「那些人」,由 who 子句修飾。)
Those judge them.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 those,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 judge;them 指 individuals。)
A student still speaks carefully before a teacher.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;speak carefully 表「謹慎地說話」;before 在此為介系詞,表「在……面前」;still 表「仍然」。)
A student jokes freely with friends.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 student,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 jokes;joke 表「開玩笑」;freely 表「自在地」。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every claim about situational influence troubles critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every claim about situational influence 為單數主詞,動詞用 troubles;situational 表「情境的」。)
The settings merely excuse choices.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;excuse 表「為……開脫」;choices 指選擇。)
The settings supposedly explain conduct.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 settings,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 explain;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;conduct 指行為。)
People make the choices freely.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 choices,在子句中作 make 的受詞,故 make 後面不再接受詞,只接副詞 freely;make a choice 表「做選擇」。)
● 文法解析
複數主詞、非限定 which、by which 與限定 that:
Social settings, which ... sustained, hold 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 hold 交代主幹。主詞 social settings 是複數,動詞用 hold,不加 s。子句內的 by which the expectations that guide human behavior are shaped and sustained 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,which 指 environments,不是指 social settings。這個子句的主詞 expectations 又帶一個限定的 that 子句,that 作 guide 的主詞,所以後面直接接動詞 guide,這是 which 子句裡再套一層 that 子句的寫法。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 fearing:
否定與肯定的是 hold 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「單憑品格就決定人如何行動」,再提出真正的主張:個人會依場合調整舉止。how people act 是 determines 的名詞子句受詞,how 為疑問副詞。but that 之後,主詞 individuals 與謂語 adjust 之間插入 fearing that they will seem out of place among those who judge them,交代調整的動機:怕在評判自己的人之中顯得格格不入。those who judge them 的 those 指「那些人」,who 作子句主詞。the room they enter 省略了 that,還原為 the room that they enter,that 是 enter 的受詞。
so that 結果子句與限定 who:
so that a student who jokes freely with friends still speaks carefully before a teacher 以 so that 表結果:因為會依場合調整,與朋友自在說笑的學生,在老師面前仍然謹慎說話。who jokes freely with friends 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」學生,同一個人在兩種場合的對比,正是這個概念的核心。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:場景雖能解釋行為,批評者仍認為這只是替選擇找藉口。whom every claim about situational influence troubles 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,主詞 every claim about situational influence 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the settings that supposedly explain conduct merely excuse choices that people make freely 出現三個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 explain 的主詞,所以後面直接接動詞;第三個也是限定關係代名詞,但在子句中作 make 的受詞,所以後面接主詞 people,不能直接接動詞,這與第二個 that 的用法正好相對。
● 參考翻譯
社會背景(社會學家將它定義為塑造並維繫那些引導人類行為之期待的環境)所主張的,並非單憑品格就能決定人們如何行動,而是個人(害怕在評判自己的人之中顯得格格不入)會依所進入的場合調整自己的舉止,以致與朋友自在說笑的學生,在老師面前仍然謹慎說話;儘管批評者(每一項關於情境影響的主張都令他們不安)反駁說,那些據稱能解釋行為的場景,其實只是在替人們自由做出的選擇開脫。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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