社會連帶 Social Solidarity
社會連帶 Social Solidarity
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Solidarity 來自法文 solidarité,源於 solidaire(連帶的、共同負責的),再源於拉丁文 solidus(堅固的、完整的、實心的),原為羅馬法中「整體共同負責」的債務概念(in solidum,意為「為全部」),十八世紀後期進入法語,十九世紀中期進入英語。Solidus 再追溯到原始印歐語詞根 sol-(完整、全部)。同源詞有 solid、solder、consolidate、soldier(本指領固定餉銀者,以上出自 solidus),以及 solemn、holo-(全、整)、safe、salvation(以上出自 sol- 一系的相近詞根),另有 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指社會成員之間因共同價值、相互依賴或共同命運而形成的凝聚與團結。涂爾幹(Émile Durkheim)在《社會分工論》(1893)中區分兩種型態:「機械連帶」(mechanical solidarity)建立在成員的相似性上,常見於傳統小社會;「有機連帶」(organic solidarity)建立在分工與彼此依賴上,常見於現代複雜社會。中文譯為「社會連帶」或「社會團結」,是不可數名詞。
● 例句(80字長句)
Social solidarity, which sociologists define as the bonds by which the members of a society are held together through shared values and mutual dependence, holds not that people unite only because they resemble one another but that individuals, believing that their own welfare rests on the work of strangers, accept duties that they never chose, so that neighbors who share nothing but a street still gather to help a family whose house has burned, although critics, whom every demand for loyalty troubles, object that the unity that supposedly binds everyone merely silences those who disagree.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social solidarity,
which sociologists define as the bonds
by which the members of a society are held together
through shared values and mutual dependence,
holds
not that people unite only because they resemble one another
but that individuals,
believing that their own welfare rests on the work of strangers,
accept duties that they never chose,
so that neighbors who share nothing but a street
still gather to help a family whose house has burned,
although critics,
whom every demand for loyalty troubles,
object
that the unity that supposedly binds everyone merely silences those who disagree.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social solidarity holds something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social solidarity,solidarity 為不可數名詞,動詞用 holds;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這個概念的主張。)
Sociologists define social solidarity as the bonds.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social solidarity,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;bonds 指紐帶。)
The members of a society are held together through shared values and mutual dependence by the bonds.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 bonds,還原後為 by the bonds;are held together 為被動語態,表「被聯繫在一起」;shared values 指共同價值;mutual dependence 指相互依賴。)
People unite only because they resemble one another.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 holds 的受詞子句;unite 表「團結」;only because 表「只因為」;resemble 表「相似」;one another 表「彼此」。)
Individuals accept duties.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 holds 的第二個受詞子句;accept 表「接受」;duties 指義務。)
Individuals never chose the duties.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 duties,在子句中作 chose 的受詞,故 chose 後面不再接受詞;they 指 individuals;never 表「從未」。)
Individuals believe something.
(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 individuals,相當於 as they believe that ...,說明他們接受義務的信念。)
Their own welfare rests on the work of strangers.
(that 子句為 believe 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;rest on 表「取決於、建立在」;their 指 individuals;welfare 指福祉,為不可數名詞,動詞用 rests。)
Neighbors still gather to help a family.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;gather 表「聚集」;to help 為表目的的不定詞;still 表「仍然」。)
Neighbors share nothing but a street.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 neighbors,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 share;nothing but 表「只有」,相當於 only。)
A family's house has burned.
(whose 為所有格關係代名詞,指 family,修飾 house,故 whose house 還原為 the house of the family;has burned 為現在完成式,表火災後的狀態;burn 在此為不及物動詞,表「被燒毀」。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every demand for loyalty troubles critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every demand for loyalty 為單數主詞,動詞用 troubles;loyalty 指忠誠。)
The unity merely silences those.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;silence 表「使沉默」;those 指「那些人」,由 who 子句修飾。)
Those disagree.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 those,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 disagree;disagree 表「持不同意見」。)
The unity supposedly binds everyone.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 unity,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 binds;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;bind 表「約束、連結」;everyone 為單數代名詞。)
● 文法解析
非限定 which 子句與 by which:
Social solidarity, which ... mutual dependence, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 holds 交代主幹。主詞 solidarity 是不可數名詞,動詞用 holds,加 s。子句內的 by which the members of a society are held together through shared values and mutual dependence 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,意思是「社會成員藉以被聯繫在一起的紐帶」。which 指 bonds,不是指 social solidarity,閱讀時要把兩層 which 分清楚。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing:
否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「人們只因彼此相似才團結」,這正是涂爾幹所說的機械連帶;再提出真正的主張:現代人因相互依賴而接受義務,也就是有機連帶。but that 之後,主詞 individuals 與謂語 accept 之間插入 believing that their own welfare rests on the work of strangers,交代接受義務的信念。duties that they never chose 的 that 是限定關係代名詞,作 chose 的受詞,所以 chose 後面接主詞 they 而不是動詞,這與主詞型的 that 用法不同。
so that 結果子句、限定 who 與所有格 whose:
so that neighbors who share nothing but a street still gather to help a family whose house has burned 以 so that 表結果:因為人們相互依賴,連除了同街之外毫無共同點的鄰居,也會聚集來幫助受災的家庭。who share nothing but a street 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」鄰居,與前面「並非只因相似」前後呼應。a family whose house has burned 的 whose 是所有格關係代名詞,指 family,修飾 house,whose house 整體作子句主詞,所以後面直接接動詞 has burned。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom 與雙重 that:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:團結雖有益,批評者仍擔心它壓制異議。whom every demand for loyalty troubles 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,主詞 every demand for loyalty 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the unity that supposedly binds everyone merely silences those who disagree 出現兩個 that:第一個是引導名詞子句的連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,在子句中作 binds 的主詞。句尾 those who disagree 的 those 指「那些人」,who 作子句主詞,點出被壓制的正是持不同意見者。
● 參考翻譯
社會連帶(社會學家將它定義為藉由共同價值與相互依賴而把社會成員聯繫在一起的紐帶)所主張的,並非人們只因彼此相似才團結,而是個人(相信自己的福祉取決於陌生人的工作)接受自己從未選擇的義務,以致除了同住一條街之外毫無共同點的鄰居,仍會聚集起來幫助房子遭火焚毀的一家人;儘管批評者(每一種對忠誠的要求都令他們不安)反駁說,那種據稱約束所有人的團結,其實只是在讓持不同意見的人沉默。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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