社會工作 Social Work
社會工作 Social Work
● 字源
Social 來自拉丁文 socialis(同伴的),源於 socius(夥伴)。Work 來自古英語 weorc(作為、行動、勞動),源於原始日耳曼語 werkan,再追溯到原始印歐語詞根 werg-(做、行動)。同源詞有 work、wright(如 playwright、wheelwright)、wrought、energy、organ、surgeon、metallurgy、liturgy(以上出自 werg- 一系,其中希臘文系的詞由 ergon「工作」而來),以及 society、associate、sociable、sociology(以上出自 socius)。這個詞組指以專業方法協助個人、家庭、團體與社區解決生活困境、增進福祉並推動社會正義的專業與學科,內容包括個案工作、團體工作與社區工作。它的源頭可上溯至十九世紀英國的慈善組織協會與睦鄰運動,二十世紀初里奇蒙(Mary Richmond)的《社會診斷》(Social Diagnosis, 1917)使它邁向專業化,而亞當斯(Jane Addams)則代表重視社會改革的一脈。要注意的是,work 在此指「專業工作」,為不可數名詞,從事這項工作的人稱為 social worker(社會工作者)。中文譯為「社會工作」,是不可數名詞。
● 例句(80字長句)
Social work, which scholars define as the profession by which trained practitioners help people overcome hardships that they cannot resolve alone, holds not that suffering reflects a flaw in the sufferer but that workers, believing that every person deserves dignity whatever his circumstances, should stand beside clients whom institutions have neglected, so that a mother who fears losing her children still finds an advocate she can trust, although critics, whom every intrusion into private life troubles, object that the care that supposedly rescues families merely lets officials judge how they live.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Social work,
which scholars define as the profession
by which trained practitioners help people
overcome hardships
that they cannot resolve alone,
holds
not that suffering reflects a flaw in the sufferer
but that workers,
believing that every person deserves dignity whatever his circumstances,
should stand beside clients
whom institutions have neglected,
so that a mother who fears losing her children
still finds an advocate she can trust,
although critics,
whom every intrusion into private life troubles,
object
that the care that supposedly rescues families merely lets officials judge how they live.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Social work holds something.
(全句主幹:主詞 social work,work 在此為不可數名詞,動詞用 holds,加 s;後面的 not that ... but that ... 是 holds 的兩個並列受詞子句,說明這門專業的主張。)
Scholars define social work as the profession.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 social work,在子句中作 define 的受詞;define A as B 表「將 A 定義為 B」;profession 指專業。)
Trained practitioners help people by the profession.
(by which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,which 指 profession,還原後為 by the profession;trained practitioners 指受過訓練的實務工作者;help + 受詞 + 原形動詞表「幫助某人做……」,此處 overcome 前省略了 to,下一句接續說明。)
People overcome hardships.
(help people overcome hardships 為 help + 受詞 + 原形動詞的結構,overcome 表「克服」;hardships 指困境,為可數名詞複數。)
People cannot resolve the hardships alone.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 hardships,在子句中作 resolve 的受詞,故 resolve 後面不再接受詞,只接副詞 alone;they 指 people;resolve 表「解決」。)
Suffering reflects a flaw in the sufferer.
(not that 所否定的主張;此處 that 為連接詞,引導 holds 的受詞子句;suffering 為不可數名詞,動詞用 reflects;flaw 指缺陷;sufferer 指受苦的人。)
Workers should stand beside clients.
(but that 引導肯定的主張,為 holds 的第二個受詞子句;should 表應然;stand beside 表「站在……身旁、支持」;clients 指服務對象。)
Workers believe something.
(believing that ... 為現在分詞構句,主詞同為 workers,相當於 as they believe that ...,說明他們站在案主身旁的信念。)
Every person deserves dignity whatever his circumstances are.
(that 子句為 believe 的受詞;that 為連接詞,不擔任子句成分;deserve 表「應得」;dignity 指尊嚴;whatever his circumstances 為讓步副詞子句,完整為 whatever his circumstances are,表「無論處境如何」,are 省略。)
Institutions have neglected clients.
(whom 為限定關係代名詞,指 clients,在子句中作 have neglected 的受詞,故用受格 whom,還原後 clients 置於句尾;have neglected 為現在完成式,表「一直被忽視」。)
A mother still finds an advocate.
(so that 引導結果子句,表「以致」;advocate 指代言人、擁護者;still 表「仍然」。)
A mother fears losing her children.
(who 為限定關係代名詞,指 mother,在子句中作主詞,所以 who 後面直接接動詞 fears;fear 後接動名詞 losing,表「害怕失去」。)
A mother can trust the advocate.
(advocate 後省略了受格關係代名詞 that,完整為 an advocate that she can trust,that 指 advocate,在子句中作 trust 的受詞,she 指 mother;can 表可能。)
Critics object something.
(although 引導讓步副詞子句;object that ... 的 that 子句為 object 的內容。)
Every intrusion into private life troubles critics.
(whom 為非限定關係代名詞,指 critics,在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,故用受格 whom;every intrusion into private life 為單數主詞,動詞用 troubles;intrusion 指侵入、干預。)
The care merely lets officials judge something.
(that 子句的主幹;merely 表「不過只是」;let + 受詞 + 原形動詞表「讓……做」;judge 表「評判」,其受詞為下一句的 how 子句。)
Families live in some way.
(how 為疑問副詞,引導 judge 的受詞子句,how they live 整體為名詞子句;they 指 families;how 在子句內修飾 live,表「以何種方式」。)
The care supposedly rescues families.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 care,在子句中作主詞,所以 that 後面直接接動詞 rescues;supposedly 表「據稱」,帶有質疑口吻;rescue 表「拯救」。)
● 文法解析
非限定 which 子句、by which 與限定 that:
Social work, which ... alone, holds 先以 which 子句補充定義,再以 holds 交代主幹。子句內的 by which trained practitioners help people overcome hardships 是「介系詞+關係代名詞」結構,which 指 profession,不是指 social work。help people overcome hardships 是 help + 受詞 + 原形動詞,overcome 前省略 to。hardships that they cannot resolve alone 的 that 是限定關係代名詞,作 resolve 的受詞,所以 resolve 後面只接副詞 alone。這句共有三層關係結構,閱讀時要逐層分清。
not that ... but that ... 與現在分詞構句 believing:
否定與肯定的是 holds 的兩個受詞子句:先否定「苦難反映受苦者自身有缺陷」,再提出真正的主張:工作者應站在被制度忽視的案主身旁。but that 之後,主詞 workers 與謂語 should stand 之間插入 believing that every person deserves dignity whatever his circumstances,交代站在案主身旁的信念。whatever his circumstances 是省略了 are 的讓步子句,表「無論處境如何」。clients whom institutions have neglected 的 whom 是限定關係代名詞,作 have neglected 的受詞,所以後面接主詞 institutions,不能直接接動詞。
so that 結果子句、限定 who 與省略的關係代名詞:
so that a mother who fears losing her children still finds an advocate she can trust 以 so that 表結果:因為工作者站在案主身旁,害怕失去孩子的母親仍能找到可信賴的代言人。who fears losing her children 是限定子句,who 作子句主詞,限定「哪一種」母親,fear 後接動名詞 losing。an advocate she can trust 省略了關係代名詞 that,還原為 an advocate that she can trust,that 是 trust 的受詞。
although 讓步子句、非限定 whom、雙重 that 與 how 子句:
although critics ... object 引出轉折:社會工作雖意在救援,批評者仍擔心它變成對私生活的干預。whom every intrusion into private life troubles 是非限定關係子句,whom 在子句中作 troubles 的受詞,主詞 every intrusion into private life 置於 whom 之後,是受格關係子句的典型語序。最後 object that the care that supposedly rescues families merely lets officials judge how they live 出現兩個 that:第一個是連接詞,第二個是限定關係代名詞,作 rescues 的主詞。句尾 lets officials judge 是 let + 受詞 + 原形動詞,how they live 是名詞子句,作 judge 的受詞,how 為疑問副詞,修飾 live。
● 參考翻譯
社會工作(學者將它定義為由受過訓練的實務工作者協助人們克服他們無法獨自解決之困境的專業)所主張的,並非苦難反映受苦者本身有缺陷,而是工作者(相信每個人無論處境如何都應得尊嚴)應當站在被制度忽視的案主身旁,以致害怕失去孩子的母親,仍能找到一位自己可以信賴的代言人;儘管批評者(每一種對私人生活的干預都令他們不安)反駁說,那種據稱拯救家庭的照護,其實只是讓官員去評判他們如何生活。
● 逆向工程
不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句小句,試試倒頭回去寫出完整的長句。
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