社會經濟地位 Socioeconomic Status

社會經濟地位 Socioeconomic Status

● 字源

Socioeconomic 是 socio- 與 economic 的合成詞。Socio- 來自拉丁文 socius（夥伴、同伴），經 socialis（社會的、群居的）進入英語；同源詞有 society（社會）、social（社會的）、sociology（社會學）、associate（結交、同事）。Economic 來自希臘文 oikonomikos（善於持家的），源於 oikonomia（家務管理、經濟），由 oikos（家）與 nomos（法則、管理）構成；同源詞有 economy（經濟）、economics（經濟學）、economical（節儉的）、ecumenical（普世的，經不同路徑發展）。Status 來自拉丁文 status（站立的位置、狀態、地位），源於動詞 stare（站立）；同源詞有 state（國家、狀態）、statute（法令）、static（靜止的）、stature（身高、聲望）、restore（恢復）。這個詞組指個人或家庭在社會階層中的相對位置，通常以教育程度、收入或財富、職業與職業聲望等指標綜合衡量；它不只是「有沒有錢」，也包括取得醫療、教育、人脈、權力與安全居住等資源的能力。�

中文譯為「社會經濟地位」，常縮寫為 SES。它通常被視為可數或不可數皆可的抽象名詞：談「一個人的社會經濟地位」時可說 a person’s socioeconomic status；談「社會經濟地位作為研究變項」時，則常以不可數方式使用。研究上最常見的三項指標是教育、收入與職業；較低 SES 的人往往較難取得財務、教育、社會與健康資源。�

● 例句（80字長句）

Socioeconomic status, which researchers measure by combining the education that people complete, the income that their households earn, and the occupations that they hold, describes not merely how much money a family possesses but where it stands within a hierarchy that distributes opportunities unevenly, so that children born into poverty often attend under-resourced schools, while critics, who fear that such categories stigmatize poor families, warn that labels can harden into excuses for inequality.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Socioeconomic status,

which researchers measure

by combining

the education that people complete,

the income that their households earn,

and the occupations that they hold,

describes

not merely how much money a family possesses

but where it stands

within a hierarchy

that distributes opportunities unevenly,

so that children born into poverty

often attend under-resourced schools,

while critics,

who fear that such categories stigmatize poor families,

warn

that labels can harden into excuses for inequality.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Socioeconomic status describes something.

（全句主幹：主詞 socioeconomic status，動詞 describes，加 s；status 在此為不可數抽象名詞。）

Researchers measure socioeconomic status.

（which 為非限定關係代名詞，指 socioeconomic status，在子句中作 measure 的受詞；還原後為 researchers measure socioeconomic status。）

Researchers combine the education, the income, and the occupations.

（by combining 為介系詞 by 加動名詞，表「透過結合……的方式」；三個受詞以 and 並列。）

People complete the education.

（第一個 that 為限定關係代名詞，指 education，在子句中作 complete 的受詞；complete 表「完成」。）

Their households earn the income.

（第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞，指 income，在子句中作 earn 的受詞；their 指 people；household 表「家庭、家戶」。）

They hold the occupations.

（第三個 that 為限定關係代名詞，指 occupations，在子句中作 hold 的受詞；they 指 people；hold an occupation 表「從事某種職業」。）

A family possesses money.

（not merely how much money a family possesses 為 describes 的第一個受詞；how much 引導名詞子句；possess 表「擁有」。）

It stands somewhere.

（but where it stands 為 describes 的第二個受詞；it 指 a family；where 引導名詞子句，作 stands 的地方副詞。）

A family stands within a hierarchy.

（within 表「在……之中」；hierarchy 表「階層體系」。）

The hierarchy distributes opportunities unevenly.

（that 為限定關係代名詞，指 hierarchy，在子句中作主詞，故 that 後直接接動詞 distributes；unevenly 表「不均等地」。）

Children are born into poverty.

（so that 引導結果子句；born into poverty 為過去分詞片語，修飾 children，相當於 children who are born into poverty。）

Children often attend under-resourced schools.

（attend 表「就讀、上學」；under-resourced 為複合形容詞，表「資源不足的」。）

Critics fear something.

（while 引導對比或讓步子句；fear that ... 的 that 子句為 fear 的內容；critics 表「批評者」。）

Such categories stigmatize poor families.

（that 為連接詞，引導 fear 的受詞子句；such categories 表「這類範疇、標籤」；stigmatize 表「污名化」。）

Critics warn something.

（warn that ... 的 that 子句為 warn 的內容；warn 表「警告、提醒」。）

Labels can harden into excuses for inequality.

（that 為連接詞，引導 warn 的受詞子句；labels 表「標籤」；harden into 表「固化成、變成」；excuses for inequality 表「為不平等開脫的理由」。）

● 文法解析

非限定 which 子句與三個限定 that 子句

Socioeconomic status, which researchers measure by combining the education that people complete, the income that their households earn, and the occupations that they hold, describes ... 先以非限定 which 子句說明 SES 的測量方式，再回到主幹 describes。子句中的三個 that 都是限定關係代名詞，分別指 education、income 與 occupations，並且都在各自的子句中作動詞受詞：people complete the education、their households earn the income、they hold the occupations。因此每個 that 後面都直接接主詞，不能寫成 that people complete it。

not merely ... but ... 與名詞子句

主幹 describes not merely how much money a family possesses but where it stands within a hierarchy that distributes opportunities unevenly 使用「not merely A but B」的對比結構。第一個受詞是 how much money a family possesses，由 how much 引導的名詞子句；第二個受詞是 where it stands within a hierarchy ...，由 where 引導的名詞子句。it 指 a family；第二個 that 則是限定關係代名詞，指 hierarchy，並在子句中作主詞。

so that 結果子句與過去分詞片語

so that children born into poverty often attend under-resourced schools 表示結果：因為社會階層不均地分配機會，貧窮家庭出身的孩子常就讀資源不足的學校。born into poverty 是過去分詞片語，修飾 children，還原後為 children who are born into poverty。under-resourced 是「under-＋resourced」構成的複合形容詞，意為「資源不足的」。

while 對比子句、who 限定子句與 that 名詞子句

while critics, who fear that such categories stigmatize poor families, warn that labels can harden into excuses for inequality 中，while 引出對比：SES 可揭露不平等，但批評者擔心分類本身會造成污名。who fear that ... 是限定關係子句，who 指 critics，並作子句主詞。第一個 that 是連接詞，引導 fear 的內容；第二個 that 也是連接詞，引導 warn 的內容。句末的 harden into 表「逐漸固化成」，強調標籤可能從描述工具變成合理化不平等的理由。

● 參考翻譯

社會經濟地位（研究者透過結合人們所完成的教育、其家庭所賺取的收入，以及他們所從事的職業來加以測量）所描述的，不只是一個家庭擁有多少金錢，更是它在機會分配不均的階層體系中所處的位置，以致出生於貧窮的孩子往往就讀資源不足的學校；然而，批評者（擔心這類範疇會污名化貧窮家庭）警告，標籤可能固化成為不平等開脫的理由。

● 逆向工程

不要看原來的整個長句，只看分解出來的短句小句，試著倒回去寫出完整長句：

Socioeconomic status describes something.

Researchers measure socioeconomic status.

Researchers combine the education, the income, and the occupations.

People complete the education.

Their households earn the income.

They hold the occupations.

A family possesses money.

It stands somewhere.

A family stands within a hierarchy.

The hierarchy distributes opportunities unevenly.

Children are born into poverty.

Children often attend under-resourced schools.

Critics fear something.

Such categories stigmatize poor families.

Critics warn something.

Labels can harden into excuses for inequality.

將這些短句合併時，可依下列順序：

先用 which researchers measure by combining ... 把第 2、3 句變成修飾 socioeconomic status 的非限定子句。

再用三個限定 that 子句，把第 4、5、6 句分別接在 education、income、occupations 之後。

用 describes not merely how much money ... but where it stands ... 把第 7、8、9 句連成主幹。

用 that distributes opportunities unevenly 把第 10 句接在 hierarchy 之後。

用 so that children born into poverty ... 把第 11、12 句變成結果子句。

最後用 while critics, who fear that ..., warn that ... 把第 13 至 16 句變成對比子句。

完成後即得：

Socioeconomic status, which researchers measure by combining the education that people complete, the income that their households earn, and the occupations that they hold, describes not merely how much money a family possesses but where it stands within a hierarchy that distributes opportunities unevenly, so that children born into poverty often attend under-resourced schools, while critics, who fear that such categories stigmatize poor families, warn that labels can harden into excuses for inequality.

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