救贖論 Soteriology

救贖論 Soteriology

●字源（中文說明，不併入長句）

soteriology = sōtēria + logos（-logy）

sōtēria（希臘文）：拯救、平安、得救。來自 sōtēr「拯救者、救主」，動詞是 sōzein「拯救、保全」，與形容詞 sōs「安全、完好」有關，所以「得救」在字源上是「恢復安全完整」。

logos：言說、論述、學問。

字面意思是「關於拯救的論述」，英文詞約十九世紀中葉出現，形容詞是 soteriological。

譯名：「救贖論」與「救恩論」並行。「救贖」常讓人聯想 redemption（買回、贖價），「救恩」更貼近 salvation。atonement（贖罪）是救贖論中論基督之死如何成就救恩的一部分，範圍比救贖論小。

●例句（91 words）

Soteriology, the branch of theology that asks how human beings are saved, has never settled on a single answer, for the New Testament speaks of salvation through images as various as a ransom paid to free a slave, a sacrifice offered to remove guilt, and a victory won over hostile powers, so that it was by choosing among these images that later theologians built the rival theories of the atonement, of which Anselm's, according to which Christ's death repaid the honour that sin had withheld from God, is the best known.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Soteriology,

the branch of theology

that asks how human beings are saved,

has never settled on a single answer,

for the New Testament speaks of salvation

through images as various as

a ransom paid to free a slave,

a sacrifice offered to remove guilt,

and a victory won over hostile powers,

so that it was by choosing among these images

that later theologians built the rival theories of the atonement,

of which Anselm's,

according to which Christ's death repaid the honour

that sin had withheld from God,

is the best known.

●分解為原初的短小句

Soteriology has never settled on a single answer.（主結構，7字。難點在 of which Anselm's…is the best known：要跳過 according to which 子句才看到動詞 is。）

Soteriology is the branch of theology.

It asks how human beings are saved.

The New Testament speaks of salvation through various images.

One image is a ransom paid to free a slave.

Another is a sacrifice offered to remove guilt.

Another is a victory won over hostile powers.

Later theologians chose among these images.

They built the rival theories of the atonement in this way.

Anselm's theory is the best known of these.

According to it, Christ's death repaid the honour.

Sin had withheld the honour from God.

●文法解析

主句：Soteriology…has never settled on a single answer。同位語 the branch of theology that asks how…帶一個 how 名詞子句當 asks 的受詞，are saved 是被動。settle on 意為「選定、確定採用」。

for the New Testament speaks of…：for 在此是對等連接詞，意為「因為」，前面有逗號，不是介係詞。這個 for 比 because 文雅，只能放在子句前，不能放在句首。

images as various as a ransom paid…, a sacrifice offered…, and a victory won…：as various as 是同等比較，意為「像……一樣多樣」，as 之後列舉三個名詞。三個名詞後各接一個過去分詞片語（paid、offered、won），等於 which is paid、which is offered、which is won，是後置修飾，三個片語並列，結構整齊，容易讀錯成動詞。

so that it was by choosing among these images that later theologians built…：so that 引導結果子句，子句內是強調句型 it was…that…，被強調的是 by choosing among these images。去掉強調結構，原句是 later theologians built the rival theories by choosing among these images。by + 動名詞表方式。

of which Anselm's, according to which Christ's death repaid the honour…, is the best known：of which 指 the rival theories。Anselm's 是所有格代名詞，等於 Anselm's theory，省略了名詞，避免重複。according to which 是介係詞片語 + 關係代名詞，which 指 Anselm's theory，插在主詞與動詞 is 之間。這是本句最需要先找主詞再找動詞的地方：Anselm's…is。句末 the best known 後面同樣省略名詞，等於 the best-known theory。

the honour that sin had withheld from God：that 是 had withheld 的受詞，語序是 that + 主詞 + 動詞，受詞前置。withhold A from B 意為「不給 B 以 A、從 B 那裡扣住 A」。過去完成式，表示比 repaid 更早。

●參考譯文

救贖論是探問「人如何得救」的神學分支。它從未定於單一答案，因為新約用多種意象談救恩：有為釋放奴隸而付的贖價，有為除去罪責而獻的祭，也有對敵對勢力取得的勝利。後世神學家是在這些意象之間做選擇，才建立起彼此競爭的贖罪理論，其中安瑟倫的理論最為人所知，依該理論，基督之死償還了罪所從上帝那裡奪走的榮耀。

●補充說明

三個意象常被對應到不同的贖罪理論：贖價對應「贖價說」（ransom theory），獻祭對應「獻祭說」與宗教改革者的「刑罰代替說」（penal substitution），勝利對應奧倫（Gustaf Aulén）在1931年命名的「基督得勝說」（Christus Victor）。這種對應是常見的整理，並非一對一，新約同一段經文常混用多種意象，所以句中只說 images，不說「三種理論」。

安瑟倫（Anselm of Canterbury）在《上帝何以成為人》（Cur Deus Homo，約1098年）提出「滿足說」（satisfaction theory）：罪冒犯了上帝的榮耀，需要補償。句中 honour 是他的用語。亞伯拉德（Abelard）的「道德影響說」則認為基督之死主要是啟發人回應愛，這是另一條路線，句中未寫，以免過長。

「人在得救中的角色」與「救恩是禮物」的爭論（奧古斯丁對伯拉糺、「唯獨信心」、加爾文主義與阿民念主義、東正教的「神化」theosis 等）是另一個大主題，這次為了縮短句子與避免分號而刪去，可另寫一句專談。

字源的 sōs「安全完好」與英文 save、salvation 的拉丁詞根 salvus「安全」是印歐語系中同源或對應的概念，可作延伸閱讀，具體詞源關係以辭典為準。

這一句的文法重點：對等連接詞 for、as various as 帶三個後置過去分詞、so that 帶 it was…that 強調句型、省略名詞的所有格代名詞 Anselm's、according to which 插入、受詞前置的 that sin had withheld。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列12個短句組合回原來的長句：

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