價值觀 Values

 價值觀 Values

●字源（中文說明，不併入長句）

value 來自古法語 value（valoir 的過去分詞），源自拉丁文 valere「強壯、有力、值得」。同源的英文詞有 valid（有效的）、valiant（勇敢的）、prevail（佔上風）、avail（有益於）、equivalent（等值的）。字面意思是「值多少、有多大力量」。

英文 value 約十三世紀末進入英文，指「價值、價格」。現代「values」作複數，指一個人或群體所持的信念與標準，是較晚才普及的用法，具體年代以辭典為準。

希臘文 axios「值得的」加 logos 構成 axiology「價值論」，是二十世紀初才流行的學科名稱，專門研究善、美、好壞的本質。

中文「價」本指商品的價格，「值」有「遇到、相當、值得」之義，「價值」合起來是「值多少」。「觀」是看法。「價值觀」是以西方詞彙為背景的近代譯詞，具體傳入過程以專書為準。

譯名：「價值觀」最常用。「道德觀」偏重善惡對錯，「人生觀」偏重人生的目的與活法，「世界觀」範圍最廣，包括對實在的看法。「價值觀」則偏重判斷什麼值得追求、什麼應該避免的標準。

●例句（約95 words）

Values, the term for the standards by which a person or a people judges what is worth pursuing, have never been easy to justify, for such standards take forms as various as a rule of courtesy taught at table, an oath sworn before a court, and a principle defended in a journal, so that it was largely by testing these forms against one another that philosophers built the rival accounts of what makes anything good, of which Kant's, according to which nothing is good without limitation except a good will, is among the best known.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Values,

the term for the standards

by which a person or a people judges what is worth pursuing,

have never been easy to justify,

for such standards take forms

as various as

a rule of courtesy taught at table,

an oath sworn before a court,

and a principle defended in a journal,

so that it was largely by testing these forms against one another

that philosophers built the rival accounts of what makes anything good,

of which Kant's,

according to which nothing is good without limitation

except a good will,

is among the best known.

●分解為原初的短小句

Values have never been easy to justify.（主結構，7字。主詞與動詞之間隔一個長同位語，have been 要等到 pursuing 之後才出現。後半難點在 of which Kant's…is among the best known：要跳過 according to which 子句才看到動詞 is，而這個子句裡還有自己的 is。）

Values are standards.

A person or a people judges what is worth pursuing by them.

Such standards take various forms.

One form is a rule of courtesy taught at table.

Another is an oath sworn before a court.

Another is a principle defended in a journal.

Philosophers tested these forms against one another.

They largely built the rival accounts of what makes anything good in this way.

Kant's account is among the best known of these.

According to it, nothing is good without limitation except a good will.

●文法解析

主句：Values…have never been easy to justify。Values 是複數，所以用 have。同位語 the term for the standards…夾在主詞與動詞之間。by which a person or a people judges what is worth pursuing 是介係詞 + 關係代名詞，修飾 standards，等於 a person or a people judges what is worth pursuing by the standards。a people 是單數名詞（一個民族），所以動詞用 judges。what is worth pursuing 是名詞子句，當 judges 的受詞，worth 後接動名詞。easy to justify 是「形容詞 + 不定詞」，justify 的受詞就是主詞 values。

for such standards take forms…：for 是對等連接詞，意為「因為」，前有逗號，只能放在子句前。

forms as various as a rule of courtesy taught…, an oath sworn…, and a principle defended…：as various as 是同等比較，列舉三個名詞，各接一個過去分詞片語（taught、sworn、defended），是後置修飾，等於 which is taught 等。三個片語並列，容易讀錯成動詞。

so that it was largely by testing these forms against one another that philosophers built…：so that 引導結果子句，內為強調句型 it was…that…，被強調的是 largely by testing these forms against one another。還原為 philosophers largely built the rival accounts by testing these forms against one another。against one another 意為「彼此對照」。

the rival accounts of what makes anything good：what makes anything good 是名詞子句，當 of 的受詞，what 是子句的主詞。make A B 意為「使 A 成為 B」。

of which Kant's, according to which nothing is good without limitation except a good will, is among the best known：of which 指 the rival accounts。Kant's 是省略名詞的所有格代名詞（= Kant's account）。according to which 插在主詞與動詞 is 之間，先找 Kant's，再找最後那個 is。插入語內部另有一個 nothing is good，不要把它誤認為主句動詞。except 意為「除了」，good without limitation 意為「無條件地善」。among the best known 後面也省略名詞，等於 among the best-known accounts。

●參考譯文

價值觀是指一個人或一個民族藉以判斷什麼值得追求的標準。它向來不易證成，因為這類標準的形式五花八門：有餐桌上教導的禮節規矩，有在法庭上立下的誓言，也有在期刊上辯護的原則。哲學家大體是藉著讓這些形式彼此對照檢驗，才建立起彼此競爭的、關於「什麼使事物為善」的說法，其中康德的說法最為人所知之一，依該說，除了善良意志之外，沒有什麼是無條件地善的。

●補充說明

康德在《道德形上學基礎》（Groundwork，1785年）開頭主張，世上唯一不加限制即為善的東西是善良意志。他認為行為的道德價值在於出於義務而行，而不在於結果。句中只取這個開頭主張，以免過長。

其他說法如亞里斯多德（善在於依德性的活動）、效益主義（善在於幸福的總量）、休謨（價值源於情感）各有不同進路，所以句中說 among the best known，不說 the best known，也不暗示康德的說法是定論。

「哲學家大體是藉測試各種形式才建立理論」是概括說法，並非所有理論都是這樣來的，所以句中用 largely。

「禮節、誓言、原則」三個例子各代表日常習俗、法律與宗教承諾、學術論辯三種來源，是舉例，並不窮盡所有價值標準的形式。

「事實」與「價值」能否分開，是另一個大辯論（休謨的「是與應當」問題），句中未涉及，以免過長。

字源中 value 的語義演變與 axiology 的出現年代可作延伸閱讀，具體年代以辭典及專書為準。

這一句的文法重點：長同位語夾在主詞與動詞之間、介係詞 + 關係代名詞 by which、for 對等連接詞、as various as 帶三個後置過去分詞、so that 帶 it was…that 強調句型、what makes anything good 名詞子句、省略名詞的所有格代名詞 Kant's、according to which 插入且內含另一個 is。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列11個短句組合回原來的長句：

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