世界觀 Worldview

世界觀 Worldview

●字源（中文說明，不併入長句）

worldview = world + view，是德文 Weltanschauung 的仿譯（calque）。

Welt（德文）：世界。古高地德語 weralt，由 wer「人」+ alt「時代、年歲」組成，字面是「人的時代」。英文 world 同源。

Anschauung（德文）：觀看、直觀、看法。來自 anschauen「注視」，schauen 與英文 show 同源。

字面意思是「對世界的觀看」。康德在《判斷力批判》（1790）用過 Weltanschauung，原意只是「對世界的感性直觀」，後來經謝林、洪堡、狄爾泰等人，才轉成「看待世界與人生的整體框架」。英文 worldview 約十九世紀中後葉出現，Weltanschauung 也被直接借入英文。

中文「世界」原是佛教詞，源自梵文 loka-dhātu，傳統說法是「世為遷流（時間），界為方位（空間）」，「觀」是看、觀察。

譯名：「世界觀」最常用。「人生觀」偏重人生態度，「宇宙觀」偏重對宇宙的看法，範圍各有不同。

●例句（約94 words）

Worldview, the term for the framework of beliefs through which a person or a people makes sense of reality, has never been easy to define, for such frameworks take forms as various as a myth told by firelight, a creed recited in church, and a theory taught in school, so that it was largely by comparing these forms that thinkers built the rival accounts of how worldviews arise, of which Dilthey's, according to which each worldview answers, through religion, poetry, or metaphysics, the riddle that life sets before everyone, is among the most influential.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Worldview,

the term for the framework of beliefs

through which a person or a people makes sense of reality,

has never been easy to define,

for such frameworks take forms

as various as

a myth told by firelight,

a creed recited in church,

and a theory taught in school,

so that it was largely by comparing these forms

that thinkers built the rival accounts of how worldviews arise,

of which Dilthey's,

according to which each worldview answers,

through religion, poetry, or metaphysics,

the riddle that life sets before everyone,

is among the most influential.

●分解為原初的短小句

Worldview has never been easy to define.（主結構，7字。主詞與動詞之間隔一個同位語，動詞 has been 要等到 reality 之後才出現。後半難點在 of which Dilthey's…is among the most influential：要跳過 according to which 子句才看到動詞 is。）

Worldview is the term for a framework of beliefs.

A person or a people makes sense of reality through it.

Such frameworks take various forms.

One form is a myth told by firelight.

Another is a creed recited in church.

Another is a theory taught in school.

Thinkers compared these forms.

They largely built the rival accounts of how worldviews arise in this way.

Dilthey's account is among the most influential of these.

According to it, each worldview answers a riddle.

Life sets the riddle before everyone.

It does so through religion, poetry, or metaphysics.

●文法解析

主句：Worldview…has never been easy to define。同位語 the term for the framework of beliefs…很長，夾在主詞與動詞之間。through which a person or a people makes sense of reality 是介係詞 + 關係代名詞，修飾 framework，等於 a person or a people makes sense of reality through the framework。a people 是單數名詞（一個民族），所以動詞用 makes。easy to define 是「形容詞 + 不定詞」，define 的受詞就是主詞 worldview。

for such frameworks take forms…：for 是對等連接詞，意為「因為」，前有逗號，只能放在子句前。

forms as various as a myth told…, a creed recited…, and a theory taught…：as various as 是同等比較，列舉三個名詞，各接一個過去分詞片語（told、recited、taught），是後置修飾，等於 which is told 等。三個片語並列，容易讀錯成動詞。

so that it was largely by comparing these forms that thinkers built…：so that 引導結果子句，內為強調句型 it was…that…，被強調的是 largely by comparing these forms。還原為 thinkers largely built the rival accounts by comparing these forms。how worldviews arise 是名詞子句，當 of 的受詞。

of which Dilthey's, according to which each worldview answers…, is among the most influential：of which 指 the rival accounts。Dilthey's 是省略名詞的所有格代名詞（= Dilthey's account）。according to which 插在主詞與動詞 is 之間，先找 Dilthey's，再找 is。among the most influential 後面也省略名詞，等於 among the most influential accounts。

answers, through religion, poetry, or metaphysics, the riddle that life sets before everyone：through…metaphysics 是插入的方式片語，把動詞 answers 與受詞 the riddle 隔開。that life sets before everyone 中 that 是 sets 的受詞，語序是 that + 主詞 + 動詞，受詞前置。set A before B 意為「把 A 擺在 B 面前」。

●參考譯文

世界觀是指一個人或一個民族藉以理解現實的信念框架。它向來不易界定，因為這類框架的形式五花八門：有在火光旁講述的神話，有在教堂中誦讀的信經，也有在學校裡教授的理論。思想家大體是藉著比較這些形式，才建立起彼此競爭的、關於世界觀如何形成的說法，其中狄爾泰的說法影響最大，依該說，每種世界觀都透過宗教、詩歌或形而上學，回答生命擺在每個人面前的謎。

●補充說明

狄爾泰（Wilhelm Dilthey）在晚期的世界觀理論中主張，世界觀源自生命本身，表現在宗教、詩歌與形而上學中。他又把形而上學式的世界觀分成自然主義、自由的唯心論、客觀唯心論三類。句中只取前一個主張，以免過長。

這個說法並非一般認為「世界觀」一詞的唯一來源。其他學者（如韋伯的後繼者、庫恩談的「範式」、人類學家談的文化模式）各有不同進路，所以句中說 among the most influential，不說 the most influential。

「思想家大體是藉比較各種形式才建立理論」是概括說法，並非所有理論的來歷都是如此，所以句中用 largely。

「神話、信經、理論」三個例子各代表口傳、宗教、學術三種傳承方式，是舉例，並不窮盡所有世界觀的形式。

字源中 Weltanschauung 的語義演變（康德原意到現代意義）可作延伸閱讀，具體年代與用法以辭典及專書為準。

這一句的文法重點：同位語夾在主詞與動詞之間、for 對等連接詞、as various as 帶三個後置過去分詞、so that 帶 it was…that 強調句型、省略名詞的所有格代名詞 Dilthey's、according to which 插入、answers 與受詞之間的插入語、受詞前置的 that life sets。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列13個短句組合回原來的長句：

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